- •1 Business Organization
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •3 Match the words and phrases in the box with the correct definition:
- •5 Complete the sentences using these often confused words: economic - economical, economics – economy
- •Grammar: Present Simple vs Present Continuous We use the Present Simple (V / Vs):
- •2 Business Organization and the Economy
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •Grammar: Past Simple vs Past Continuous We use the Past Simple:
- •We use the Past Continuous:
- •3 Ownership
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •4 Choose the correct word from the box to complete the gaps. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian:
- •Grammar: Present Perfect – Теперішній доконаний час (1)
- •4 Business Relationship
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •2 The words in the box frequently occur after "company".Find combinations that mean:
- •3 Match the words and phrases in the box with the correct definition:
- •4 Choose the correct word from the box to complete the gaps. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian:
- •We use the Present Perfect Simple:
- •1 Choose the correct verb form:
- •3 Make sentences about the following people:
- •5 Put for or since into each gap. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian:
- •6 Ask these people questions about their experiences:
- •7 Open the brackets. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian:
- •5 Companies’ Restructuring
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •4 Choose the correct word from the box to complete the gaps. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian:
- •Grammar: Present Perfect vs Past Simple
- •1 Choose the correct verb form to complete these dialogues. Practise saying the dialogues in pairs:
- •2 Cross out the sentence which has a mistake:
- •3 Open the brackets using Past Simple or Present Perfect:
- •6 Organizational Structure
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •2 The words in the box frequently occur before "manager". Find combinations that mean:
- •3 Match the words and phrases in the box with the correct definition:
- •5 Choose the correct word:
- •Grammar: Present Perfect Continuous – Теперішній перфектно-тривалий час
- •We use the Present Perfect Continuous:
- •7 Employment
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •2 The words in the box frequently occur after "job".Find combinations that mean:
- •4 Choose the correct word from the box to complete the gaps. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian:
- •6 Complete the sentences using these often confused words: to provide - to secure - to ensure
- •Grammar: Past Perfect – Минулий доконаний час (1)
- •8 Human Resources
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •3 Choose the correct word from the box to complete the gaps. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian:
- •5 Complete the sentences using these often confused words: employer - employee
- •1 Make sentences from the chart:
- •2 Put numbers in the brackets to show the order in which each action happened:
- •3 Put the verbs in brackets one in the Past Simple and one in the Past Perfect:
- •4 Open the brackets using Past Perfect or Past Simple:
- •5 Translate into English using the Past Perfect Tense:
- •6 Write down five things you had or hadn’t done by 10 pm yesterday.
- •9 Recruitment Procedure
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •3 Choose the correct word from the box to complete the gaps. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian:
- •Grammar: Past Tenses (Simple / Continuous / Perfect)
- •1 Complete the sentences with the verb in bold in either the Past Simple or the Past Perfect:
- •2 Past Simple or Past Continuous? Underline the correct tense:
- •3 Put the verb in brackets in either the Past Simple or Past Perfect Simple:
- •4 Complete these sentences. Use past tenses only and add any other words that are necessary:
- •5 Open the brackets using either Past Simple, Past Continuous, or Past Perfect:
- •10 Applying For a Job: Interviewing
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •3 Choose the correct word from the box to complete the gaps. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian:
- •5 Complete the sentences using these often confused words: power – strength
- •Grammar: Past Perfect Continuous – Минулий перфектно-тривалий час
- •11 Applying For a Job: Writing a Resume
- •Grammar: Tense Revision (Present Time)
- •12 Applying For a Job: cv
- •1 Read the sections of a cv (a-h) and match them with the headings (1-8):
- •2 Complete (1-5) with the highlighted words from the cv above:
- •3 Work in pairs. Look at these 'rules' for writing a cv. Which ones do you agree with? Why?
- •International marketing manager
- •Curriculum Vitae vs Resume?
- •13 Executive Pay
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •2 The words in the box frequently occur after "pay".Find combinations that mean:
- •4 Choose the correct word from the box to complete the gaps. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian:
- •6 Complete the sentences using these often confused words: salary - income - pay - wage
- •Grammar: Tenses used to describe Future
- •14 Leaving a Job
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •3 Choose the correct word from the box to complete the gaps. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian:
- •Grammar: Майбутній доконаний час – Future Perfect
- •1 Use the future perfect (simple or continuous) to put the beginnings and ends together:
- •2 A romantic novelist writes 300-page books. She writes ten pages a day, and takes no holidays. Use the future perfect to answer the questions:
- •3 Complete the following sentences with a verb in the Future Perfect Simple or Continuous:
- •4 Answer the questions about you. What will you have done…
- •15 The economy
- •I. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Answer the questions:
- •IV. Translate into English:
- •Grammar: Future Continuous vs Future Perfect
- •16 What is economics?
- •I. Translate into English:
- •III. Answer the questions:
- •IV. Translate into English:
- •Grammar: Future Simple / Continuous / Perfect
- •1 Put the beginnings and ends together. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian:
- •3 Complete the sentences using future continuous or future perfect:
- •4 Read the conversation and choose the correct form of the future. Practise the dialogue in pairs:
- •5 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct future form:
- •17 Macroeconomics and microeconomics
- •Grammar: Часи групи Perfect Continuous
- •1 Put together the beginnings and ends of the conversations. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian:
- •2 Complete the sentences using the present perfect continuous tense of the verbs below:
- •3 Read the story and answer the questions using the past perfect continuous:
- •5 How long will you have been learning English / using your computer (mobile phone) / going to college / saving money for something you’d like to have / living in your present house by next summer?
- •18 The economy of ukraine
- •Grammar: Tense Revision Test (1)
- •19 The economy of the united kingdom
- •Grammar: Tense Revision Test (2)
- •20 Markets and market orientation
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •2 The words in the box frequently occur after "sector". Find combinations that mean:
- •4 Choose the correct word from the box to complete the gaps. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian
- •Grammar: Active Tenses – Revision
- •3 Open the brackets using future simple or future continuous:
- •4 Translate the sentences into English:
- •21 National-income accounting
- •I. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •Grammar 1: Типи питальних речень
- •1 Make questions and define their type. Write possible answers. Translate the questions into Ukrainian:
- •Grammar 2: Negative questions – Питально-заперечні речення
- •2 Write informal negative questions to ask somebody:
- •3 Use negative questions to confirm the following ideas. Be careful with the tenses.
- •4 Use negative questions to confirm the following ideas:
- •5 Write possible short answers to the negative questions. Translate the questions into Ukrainian.
- •22 Taxes
- •Grammar: Revision of articles – Вживання артиклів
- •3 Відсутність артикля
- •2 Find one mistake in each sentence:
- •3 Put a / an, the, or nothing (-). Explain your choice:
- •4 Put the correct article where necessary:
- •5 A, an, the or - (nothing)?
- •23 Supply, demand and market prices
- •I. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •Grammar: Passive Voice (Simple) – Пасивний стан групи Simple
- •24 Wholesaling
- •Grammar: Passive Voice (Continuous) – Пасивний стан групи Continuous
- •25 Retail trade
- •Grammar: Passive Voice (Perfect) – Пасивний стан групи Perfect
- •26 Labour and capital
- •Grammar: Passive Tenses – Revision (1)
- •27 Inflation
- •I. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •Grammar: Passive Tenses – Revision (2)
- •1 Choose the correct answers. Explain your choice:
- •2 Complete the sentences using the words in the brackets in the Passive Voice and define their tense:
2 A romantic novelist writes 300-page books. She writes ten pages a day, and takes no holidays. Use the future perfect to answer the questions:
1 How many pages will she have written after ten days? After a month? After a year? After ten years?
2 If she starts today, how soon will she have finished her first book? How many books will she have written a year from now?
3 How long will she have been writing when she has written 120 books?
4 She earns £100,000 per book. How much money will she have made altogether after her 120th book?
3 Complete the following sentences with a verb in the Future Perfect Simple or Continuous:
1 By the year 2020, many cities …………………………… (double) in size.2 By the year 2100, world population …………………………… (rise) to more than six billion.3 We …………………………… (use up) many of the world's natural resources.4 Hopefully, we …………………………… (discover) alterna-tive sources of energy.5 Robots …………………………… (replace) people for many boring jobs.6 Per-haps we …………………………… (find) a way to secure world peace. 7 Scientists ………………………
…… (learn) to control the weather. 8 By 2025 we …………………………… (live) in London for 14 years. 9 He ……………………….. (write) a book by the end of the week. 10 He ………………………………… (write) this book for 3 months by the end of this week. 11 …………………………… (you finish) this project by the next week? 12 We ………………………………… (be married) a year on June 25th.
4 Answer the questions about you. What will you have done…
- by the end of this lesson?
- by 8 o’clock this evening?
- by the end of this week?
- by next autumn?
- by the time you are 30?
15 The economy
economy - господарство; економіка factors of production - чинники виробництва opportunity costs - оптимальні витрати economics - економіка (як наука) production possibilities - виробничі можливості input – витрати |
law of increasing opportunity costs - закон зростання оптимальних витрат economic growth - економічне зростання market mechanism - ринковий механізм available – доступний output – випуск продукціі, продуктивність |
The economy is for us. «The economy» is an abstraction that refers to the sum of all our individual production and consumption activities. To produce anything, we need resources, or factors of production. Factors of production are the inputs – land, labour, and capital (buildings and machinery) we use to produce final goods and services (output).Unfortunately, the quantity of available resources is limited. We cannot produce everything we want in the quantities we desire. Resources are scarce relative to our desires. This fact forces us to make difficult choices. Economics is often defined as the study of how to allocate scarce resources.
Opportunity costs exist in all situations where there are not enough available resources to satisfy all our desires.Production possibilities are the alternative combinations of final goods and services that could be produced in a given time period with all available resources and technology.According to the law of increasing opportunity costs we must give up everincreasing quantities of other goods and services in order to get more of a particular good.Economic growth is an increase in output; an expansion of production possibilities.
Over time the quantity of resources available for production has also increased. Each year our population grows a bit, enlarging the number of potential workers. Our stock of capital equipment has increased even faster. In addition the quality of our labor and capital resources has improved, as a result of more education (labour) and better machinery (capital).
Market mechanism is the use of market prices and sales to signal desired outputs (or resource allocations).The essential feature of the market mechanism is the price signal. If you want something and have enough money, you buy it. If many people do the same thing, the total sales of that product will rise, and its price may rise as well. Producers, seeing sales and prices rise, will be inclined to increase production.