- •Міністерство освіти і науки України
- •Lesson 1
- •Дієслово to be в Indefinite Active
- •Notes to the Text
- •British Universities
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Lutsk National Technical University
- •Key dates in science
- •Lesson 2
- •Ступені порівняння прикметників
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Sсience and Technological Progress in Modern Society
- •Notes to the Text
- •Text 2b Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- •Notes to the Text
- •Vocabulary notes
- •I am a Student
- •Key dates in science
- •Lesson 3
- •Відмінювання стандартного дієслова to work у Past Indefinite
- •Відмінювання нестандартного дієслова to write у Past Indefinite
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Is there an End of the Computer Race?
- •Notes to the Text
- •From the history of computer.
- •Vocabulary notes
- •English Language
- •Key dates in science
- •Lesson 4
- •Відмінювання дієслова to tell в часах групи Indefinite Passive
- •Vocabulary notes
- •The Internet
- •Notes to the Text
- •Programming Languages
- •Notes to the text
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Music, Television, and Video Games as a Way of Spending Leisure Time
- •Key dates in science
- •Lesson 5
- •Відмінювання дієслова to work у Present Continuous Active
- •Відмінювання дієслова to work у Future Continuous Active
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Environmental Protection in Ukraine
- •Key dates in science.
- •Lesson 6 Grammar. Часи групи Continuous Passive
- •Відмінювання дієслова to tell в часах групи Continuous Passive
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Notes to the text
- •Yuri Kondratyuk and the Moon
- •Notes to the Text
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Science in Ukraine
- •Key dates in science
- •Lesson 7
- •Відмінювання дієслова to write у часах групи Perfect Active
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Electricity
- •Notes to the Text.
- •Notes to the text
- •Vocabulary notes
- •The youth of America.
- •Key dates in science
- •Lesson 8
- •Відмінювання дієслова to tell в часах групи Perfect Passive
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Changes in Matter
- •The Science of Ice
- •Notes to the Text
- •Vocabulary notes
- •The Engineering Profession
- •Key dates in science
- •Lesson 9
- •Узгодження часів
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Television
- •Notes to the Text
- •Telegraph
- •Vocabulary notes
- •1. Mass media засоби масової інформації
- •Mass Media
- •Key dates in science.
- •Lesson 10.
- •Форми модальних дієслів
- •Еквіваленти модальних дієслів
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Made in Space
- •Notes to the text
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Ukraine’s Economy
- •Key dates in science
- •Lesson 11
- •Форми дієприкметника теперішнього часу
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Transport for Tomorrow.
- •Notes to the Text
- •Text 11b How It Works.
- •Notes to the text
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Key dates in science
- •Lesson 12
- •Утворення форми дієприкметника минулого часу
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Time Travel and New Universes
- •Notes to the Text
- •The Role of Gravity
- •Notes to the text
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Lesson 13
- •Форми інфінітиву
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Notes to the Text
- •Text 13b Optical Technology
- •Notes to the text
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Developing the Telecommunications
- •Notes to the Text
- •Key dates in science.
- •Lesson 14
- •Форми герундія
- •Vocabulary notes
- •A New Era for Aircraft
- •Notes to the text
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Vocabulary notes
- •The Economy of the usa
- •Key dates in science
- •Lesson 15.
- •Об’єктний інфінітивний комплекс
- •Суб’єктний інфінітивний комплекс
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Notes to the Text
- •Notes to the text
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Industry of Great Britain
- •Key dates in science
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Descending to New Ocean Depths
- •Notes to the Text
- •Types of Submersible
- •Notes to the Text
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Money in the Modern World
- •Key dates in science
- •Префіксів та суфіксів
- •Lesson 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
- •43018 Луцьк, вул. Львівська, 75
Vocabulary notes
Task IV. Learn the following words and word-combinations.
engineering інженерна справа
ancient стародавній
occupation заняття
skill вміння
to evolve розвивати
forerunner передвісник
to refine вдосконалювати
ancestor предок
to devise винаходити
irrigation system система зрошення
empirical емпіричний
motive power рушійна сила
to be guided керуватися
to do without обходитись
substantial training грунтовна підготовка
environmental engineering техніка моделюваня експлуатаційних умов
attitude підхід
good judgement розсудливість
to take into account брати до уваги
Task V. Read and translate the topic.
The Engineering Profession
Engineering is one of the most ancient occupations in history. Without the skills included in the broad field of engineering our present-day civilization never could have evolved. The first tool-makers who chipped arrows and spears from rock were the forerunners of modern mechanical engineers. The craftsmen who discovered metals in the earth and found ways to refine and use them were the ancestors of mining and metallurgical engineers. And the skilled technicians who devised the irrigation systems and created the marvelous buildings of the ancient world were the civil engineers of their time.
Engineering is often defined as making practical application of theoretical science such as physics and mathematics. Many of early branches of engineering were based not on science but on empirical information that depended on observation and experience.
An engineer is the main motive power of the technological progress. He concerns himself with the application of science and technology to satisfy human needs. In his work he is guided by the latest achievements of science and technology. A modern engineer cannot do without knowledge in many fields other than those of engineering. He must get a substantial training in subjects of his speciality as well as in such subjects as computers and robotics, environmental engineering, management science, etc. He must have a scientific attitude, imagination, initiative and good judgement.
The principal work of the engineer is design. Engineers design and make machines, equipment and the like. Such work requires creative ability and a working knowledge of scientific principles. The engineer must also have an understanding of various processes and materials available to him/her and could be working in any of the following areas: the organization of manufacture, research and development, design, construction, sales and education.
The engineer must combine many of the characteristics of the scientist, research engineer and technologist. He must have basic knowledge of the science, and understanding of the abstract techniques of the research engineer and he should know much of the technology employed by technologists.
Unlike the scientist, the engineer is not to solve problems which interest him. He must solve problems as they arise, his solution must satisfy conflicting requirements. Efficiency costs money, safety adds complexity, performance increases weight. The engineering solution is optimum solution, taking into account many factors. It may be cheapest for a given performance, the most reliable for a given weight, the simplest for a given safety, or the most efficient for a given cost.
Exercise 12. Give the Ukrainian equivalents to the following words and word- combinations.
occupation, skill, ancient, forerunners, ancestor, to erect, observation, experience, expansion, design, solution, satisfy, to take into account, reliable, efficient.
Exercise 13. Translate into English.
Інженерне мистецтво, інженер-механік, сучасна цивілізація, розвиватися, практичне застосування, емпірична інформація, виникати, складність, оптимальне рішення.
Exercise 14. Answer the following questions.
1. Is engineering one of the most ancient occupations in history? 2.Whom do we call the forerunners of modern mechanical engineers? 3. Who were the ancestors of mining and metallurgical engineers? 4. What are the oldest branches of engineering? 5. What branches of engineering appeared at the end of the 19th century? 6. What is the principal work of an engineer? 7. What characteristic features must the engineer combine? 8. Why did you decide to choose the profession of an engineer?