Unit 2.

SHIPPING.

Lesson 1.

Types of ships.

1. Math the following words and word combinations.

1. cargo ship a) конструкция

2. liquid cargo b) грузовой контейнер

3. dry cargo c) посторонняя помощь

4. refrigerated goods d) грузовое судно

5. carry e) перевозить

6. design f) каботажное (прибрежное) судно

7. bulky cargo g) район плавания

8. outside assistance h) жидкий груз

9. freight containers i) охлажденный груз

10. sailing range j) сухой груз

11. Coaster k) насыпной груз

2. Transform one part of speech into another and translate them into Russian.

Глагол + tion = существительное

To examine – проверять, экзаменовать; examination – экзамен

To apply – применять, использовать; application – применение, использование

To educate, to adapt, to specialize, to organize, to translate, to modify, to operate.

Существительное + al = прилагательное

Education – образование; educational – образовательный

Industry, profession, person, construction, physics.

Прилагательное + ly = наречие

High – высокий; highly – высоко

Quick, usual, dark, bad, heavy, hard, firm.

3. Find:

А) words with oposite meanings:

Maximum Auxiliary Fore Bow Combined Rapid Forward of

Main Aft Minimum Pure Stern Abaft Slow

b) words with similar meanings:

Design Remarkable Propeller

Impressive Fast Project

Lighter Rapid Average Stringent Confined

Medium Screw Narrow Barge Strict

4. Read and translate the text. Types of cargo ships.

To begin with, all cargo ships are divided into two types: dry cargo vessels and tankers, although there are OBO (oil-bulk-ore) ships that can carry both dry and liquid cargoes. Dry cargo vessels, in their turn, may be divided into universal ships and specialized ships. Universal ships can carry practically any types of cargo, even refrigerated goods and liquids (in special tanks). Specialized ships are designed to carry one particular type of cargo (e.g. timber, oil, bulk cargo, etc.)

There are three trends in specialized ship design.

One is cargo-carriers with cargo handling equipment on board for special purposes and routes. For example, heavy/bulky cargo ships with derricks or cranes can handle single lifts over 500 tons and they do not require outside assistance. These ships are also called special-purpose ships.

Second trend is Roll-on/Roll-off ships, in which bow and stern doors and adjustable steel ramps permit vehicles to drive on board and drive off again. Such vessels require only minimum dock-side facilities.

The third trend is container ships that carry freight containers (closed or opened) of different sizes or of different cargo carrying capacity. Containers can be quickly launched over the ship’s stern. But you can often meet combined ships, such as CONBULKERs – container-bulk carrier, PROBO ships – product/oil/bulk/ore carrier and others.

There are also multi-purpose ships that combine characteristic features of both universal and specialized vessels. They are adapted to carry standard containers. Some of them are also adapted to carry rolled vehicles or heavy/bulky cargoes.

Depending on the cargo handling methods dry cargo ships may be also divided into 1) LO-LO (lift-on/lift-off) vessels where handling cargo is effected by derricks or cranes through cargo hatches; 2) RO-RO (roll-on/roll-off) vessels where the cargo is rolled on board and rolled off; 3) FO-FO (float-on/float off) vessels where dock lift cargo handling method is used, that is floating cargo units (e.g. barges) are floated into cargo spaces (usually large holds). But there are also hybrid vessels where combinations of the above mentioned methods are used, such as LO-RO, RO/FO vessels and others.

Depending on their sailing range all vessels may be divided into limited sailing range vessels (or coasters) and unlimited sailing range vessels (or deep sea vessels (sea going vessels)). Coasters are designed to sail in a certain area or at a certain distance from the port, deep sea vessels can sail to any area of the World Ocean.

Depending on the number of decks ships may be onedeckers, double-deckers and etc.

Finally all cargo ships may be liners and tramps. A liner is a vessel which sails to a fixed destination on a fixed route. She has fixed dates of departure and arrival, fixed ports of call between her home port and place of arrival. A tramp does not sail on a fixed route. Ports of call are governed by the necessity of carrying certain cargoes from place to place.

Reefer = reefer ships	суда для перевозки рефрижераторных грузов
To encourage	зд. способствовать
LASH-carrier = lighters aboard ship-carrier	лихтеровоз
OBO ship = oil/bulk/ore-carrier	нефтерудовоз, балктанкер
PROBO ship = product/oil/bulk/ore-carrier	судно, предназначенное для транспортировки нефтепродуктов, сырой нефти, навалочных грузов и руды
CONBULKER = container/bulk-carrier	комбинированное судно, предназначенное для перевозки контейнеров и/или навалочных грузов
Cargo ports	лацпорты
Hybrid vessels	суда гибридного типа, сочетающие различные способы погрузки/ выгрузки