- •Contents
- •Preface
- •Key to phonemic and other symbols
- •Introductory Corrective Course Academic Thematic Syllabus
- •Notes on english phonetics
- •The organs of speech
- •Articulation Basis of English
- •The English Vowel System
- •The Chart of English Vowel Phonemes
- •English Monophthongs
- •English Diphthongs
- •The English Consonant System
- •Chart of English Consonant Phonemes
- •Vowel Reduction
- •Full and Reduced Forms
- •List of Full and Reduced Forms
- •Assimilation
- •Directions of Assimilation
- •Degrees of Assimilation
- •Types of Partial Assimilation
- •Word Stress
- •Accented types of words
- •English Intonation. Its Components.
- •Communicative Types of Sentences
- •The Segments of Intonation Group
- •Types of Pre-Heads
- •The System of Scales
- •Scales in Detail The Stepping Scale
- •The Sliding Scale
- •The Scandent Scale
- •The Level Scale
- •Terminal Tones
- •The Low Fall
- •The Low Rise
- •The Fall-Rise
- •Sentence Stress
- •Variations in Sentence Stress
- •Logical Stress
- •Some Rules of Syntagmatic Division
- •Complex and Compound Sentences
- •Direct Address
- •Parentheses
- •Author’s Words
- •Graphical rules
- •Vowel № 1/I:/
- •Vowel № 2 //
- •Vowel № 3 /e/
- •Vowel № 4 //
- •Vowel № 5 //
- •Vowel № 6 //
- •Vowel № 7 //
- •Vowel № 8 //
- •Vowel № 9 //
- •Vowel № 10 //
- •Vowel № 11 //
- •Vowel № 12 //
- •Tongue twisters
- •Practical assignments Stress
- •Linking of words in connected speech
- •Assimilation
- •Rhythm and Rhythmic Groups
- •Scales and Terminal Tones
- •Word Phonetic Analysis Model
- •Sentence Phonetic Analysis Model
- •Preparatory Tests Preparatory Test 1
- •Preparatory test 2
- •Preparatory Test 3
- •Preparatory test 4
- •Pedagogical classification of pronunciation errors and problems
- •Phonetic and grammar terms
- •Recommended literature
The Sliding Scale
In the Sliding Scale every stress-tone unit is said on a sliding sequence, the accented syllables take level pitches.
e.g. He wrote a letter on Monday morning.
Note. In monosyllabic stress-tone units the pitch slides during the syllable.
e.g. Mike knows better.
The Slidindg Scale is often used in conversation.
It gives additional prominence to every accented word and sounds weighty and excited. It can be used in any communicative type of utterance, and can be combined with any terminal tone, but the preference is given to the Low Fall, High Fall and Fall-Rise. The High Descending Prehead often precedes it.
e.g. Mike knows it better.
Mike knows it better.
Mike knows better.
According to its direction the Sliding Scale can be:
The Descending Sliding Scale.
e.g. I had such an exciting afternoon.
The Ascending Sliding Scale.
e.g. As a matter of fact I’m nearly sixty.
The Level Sliding Scale.
e.g. I didn’t find the shoes anywhere.
According to its regularity the Sliding Scale can also be of two types:
Regular
Broken
e.g. Long enough to ↑soak us to the skin.
He’s a first-year student of the ↑English department.
The Scandent Scale
In the Scandent Scale every stress-tone unit is said on an ascending sequence, the accented syllables taking level pitches. The high pre-head often begins it.
e.g. ¯It’s really very funny.
Note. In monosyllabic stress-tone units the pitch rises during the syllable.
e.g. I hate doing nothing.
The Scandent Scale is used in colloquial speech. It sounds lively, playful, encouraging. Yet it may also convey surprise, irritation and even irony (together with the intensified stress and widened temporal range).
The Scandent Scale is used in any communicative type of utterance, giving it an emotional colouring. It can be combined with any terminal tone except for the Fall-Rise, but the preference is given to the Falling Tones. The High Level or High Ascending Pre-Heads often precede it.
e.g. There is no need to lose your temper.
¯Wherever had it come from.
According to its direction the Scandent Scale can be:
Descending
Ascending
Level
According to its regularity the Scandent Scale can be also of two types:
Regular
Broken
The Level Scale
The Level Scale according to its pitch can be of three types:
The Low Level
The High Level
The Mid Level
According to the arrangement of unstressed syllables within every stress-tone unit the Level Scale can also be Sliding and Scandent.
In the Low Level Scale all the stress-tone units are said on a Low Pitch-Level. The unstressed syllables take the same pitch. The Low Level Scale can be combined with any simple terminal tone, but the preference is given to the Low Fall, the Low Rise, the Low Level Tone. It can be used in any communicative type of utterance. This Scale is characteristic of colloquial speech.
The Low Level Scale combined with the Low Fall sounds uninterested, phlegmatic or sometimes cool, and reserved (supported by the intensified stress and slowed tempo).
e.g. He promised to come in time. (phlegmatic)
Did he promise to come in time? (reserved)
Did he promise to come? (cool)
The Low Level Scale followed by the Low Rise sounds disapproving, skeptical and sometimes perfunctory.
e.g. I can’t give permission for that. (disapproving)
Can you give permission for that? (perfunctory)
Who can give permission for that? (disapproving)
Very nice permission! (skeptical)
The Low Level Scale followed by the Low Level tone sounds pathetic (when it is supported by the increase in stress and a slow tempo). It is used in recitation.
In the High Level scale all the stress-tone units are said on a high pitch level, the unstressed syllables taking the same pitch. The High Level Scale can be combined with any simple terminal tone but the High Fall is most frequent. This intonation pattern is characteristic of emotional speech. It can be used in any communicative types of utterance. It sounds decisive, joyful or even irritable.