- •Contents
- •Preface
- •Key to phonemic and other symbols
- •Introductory Corrective Course Academic Thematic Syllabus
- •Notes on english phonetics
- •The organs of speech
- •Articulation Basis of English
- •The English Vowel System
- •The Chart of English Vowel Phonemes
- •English Monophthongs
- •English Diphthongs
- •The English Consonant System
- •Chart of English Consonant Phonemes
- •Vowel Reduction
- •Full and Reduced Forms
- •List of Full and Reduced Forms
- •Assimilation
- •Directions of Assimilation
- •Degrees of Assimilation
- •Types of Partial Assimilation
- •Word Stress
- •Accented types of words
- •English Intonation. Its Components.
- •Communicative Types of Sentences
- •The Segments of Intonation Group
- •Types of Pre-Heads
- •The System of Scales
- •Scales in Detail The Stepping Scale
- •The Sliding Scale
- •The Scandent Scale
- •The Level Scale
- •Terminal Tones
- •The Low Fall
- •The Low Rise
- •The Fall-Rise
- •Sentence Stress
- •Variations in Sentence Stress
- •Logical Stress
- •Some Rules of Syntagmatic Division
- •Complex and Compound Sentences
- •Direct Address
- •Parentheses
- •Author’s Words
- •Graphical rules
- •Vowel № 1/I:/
- •Vowel № 2 //
- •Vowel № 3 /e/
- •Vowel № 4 //
- •Vowel № 5 //
- •Vowel № 6 //
- •Vowel № 7 //
- •Vowel № 8 //
- •Vowel № 9 //
- •Vowel № 10 //
- •Vowel № 11 //
- •Vowel № 12 //
- •Tongue twisters
- •Practical assignments Stress
- •Linking of words in connected speech
- •Assimilation
- •Rhythm and Rhythmic Groups
- •Scales and Terminal Tones
- •Word Phonetic Analysis Model
- •Sentence Phonetic Analysis Model
- •Preparatory Tests Preparatory Test 1
- •Preparatory test 2
- •Preparatory Test 3
- •Preparatory test 4
- •Pedagogical classification of pronunciation errors and problems
- •Phonetic and grammar terms
- •Recommended literature
Vowel № 5 //
Graphical Rules:
Vowel № 5 is represented in spelling by:
1. the digraph ar (cart, party);
2. the letter a followed by
ss – pass, glass sp – grasp, clasp
st – past, fast ft – after, craft
sk – ask, basket th – path, father
a followed by lf, lm (half, calf, calm, palm);
ance, and in words of French origin (France, glance, demand, command) when stressed.
Rare Spelling: aunt, draught, clerk, heart, hearth, bazaar, drama, aria, tomato, banana, garage, moustache, vase.
// in proverbs and savings:
1. He laughs best who laughs last.
2. After a storm comes a calm.
3. Each dog barks in his own yard.
4. Art is long, life is short.
Vowel № 6 //
Graphical Rules:
Vowel № 6 is represented in spelling by:
the letter o in closed stressed syllables (not, office);
the digraph wa (was, want, wasp);
qua (quality, quantity) except quarter.
Rare Spelling: because, cough, knowledge, sausage.
// in proverbs and sayings:
1. Honesty is the best policy.
2. A little pot is soon hot.
Be slow to promise and quick to perform.
Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today.
Vowel № 7 //
Graphical Rules:
Vowel № 7 is represented in spelling by:
1. oor, our, oar (floor, door, your, course, board);
2. . the digraph or third syllable type (port, sort);
3. a followed by ll, l + cons. (all, tall, salt, chalk, wall); 4. ough, augh + t (thought, bought, caught, taught);
5. war (warm, ward).
Irregular readings: our, flour, sour, poor.
// in proverbs and sayings:
It never rains but it pours.
Vowel № 8 //
Graphical Rules:
Vowel № 8 is represented in spelling by:
1. the digraph oo followed by k (book, look, took);
2. the letter u after p, b, f (pull, bull, full).
Irregular Reading: but, bus, butter.
Rare Spelling: could, should, would, wolf, bouquet.
// in proverbs and sayings:
1. A good beginning makes a good ending.
2. A good cook never cooks while looking into a cookery book.
3. Look before you leap.
Vowel № 9 //
Graphical Rules:
Vowel № 9 is represented in spelling by:
the letter u in open syllables (tune, due, puny)
NOTE: It sounds // preceded by l, j, r (June, rule, blue, true);
2. the digraphs eu, ew (neutral, feudal, few, new);
3. ui (suit, fruit, cruise);
4. the digraph ou in words of French origin (group, soup, route, youth, wound, rouge, you).
Rare Spelling: shoe, beauty, queue, who, whom, whose, do, to, two, tomb.
// in proverbs and sayings:
1. No news is good news.
2. Bad news has wings.
3. That’s where the shoe pinches.
Vowel № 10 //
Graphical Rules:
Vowel № 10 is represented in spelling by:
1. the letter u in stressed syllables (hurry, uncle, consult);
2. о followed by m, n, v, th (come, some, son, ton, love, govern, mother, other);
3. the digraph ou followed by gh, bl(e), pl(e) (tough, enough, trouble, double, couple);
4. ou + other consonants (country, courage, cousin, youth, southern).
Rare and irregular spelling: blood, flood, worry, shove.
// in proverbs and sayings:
1. So many countries so many customs.
2. Don't trouble trouble until trouble troubles you.
3. Love me, love my dog.
When two Sundays come together.
A storm in a tea-cup.
A man is known by the company he keeps.
As hungry as a hunter.