Vowel № 11 //

Graphical Rules:

Vowel № 11 is represented in spelling by:

1. e, i, u, у followed by r third syllable type (term, service, bird, stir, fir, nurse, fur, turn);

2. ear + consonant (earth, heard).

Irregular readings: heart, hearth, worn, work, worst.

// in proverbs and sayings:

1. It’s an early bird that catches the first worm.

2. First come, first served.

3. Live and learn.

Vowel № 12 //

Graphical Rules:

Vowel № 12 is represented in spelling by:

1. the letter a in prefixes (about, asleep);

2. in suffixes er, or, ar, oar, ous (teacher, doctor, cellar, flavour, famous);

3. a, o, u non-accented (sofa, atom, column).

Diphthong № 13 //

Graphical Rules:

Diphthong № 13 is represented in spelling by:

1. the letter "a" in open syllables (take, lake);

2. the digraphs ai, ay (main, plain, may, play);

3. ei, ey (veil, vein, neighbour, grey, they, convey).

Irregular Readings: key, height.

// in proverbs and sayings:

1. Make hey while the sun shines.

2. Make haste slowly.

3. Haste makes waste.

4. No gains without some pains.

Diphthong № 14 //

Graphical Rules:

Diphthong № 14 is represented in spelling by:

1. the letter o in open syllables (go, home, moment);

2. the letter o followed by ll, ld, st (polk, roll, old, told, most, post);

3. the digraph ow (low, show, know, tomorrow);

4. the digraph oa (boat, road, load);

5. the letter о in word-final unstressed syllables (hero, photo, potato).

Exceptions to memorize: now, how, cow, row, brow, bow.

Irregular Spelling: shoulder, poultry, soul, owe, mould.

// in proverbs and sayings:

1. As you sow you shall mow./As you sow, so shall you reap.

2. True love never grows old.

3. When at Rome do as Romans do.

4. Be slow to promise and quick to perform.

Diphthong № 15 //

Graphical Rules:

Diphthong № 15 is represented in spelling by:

1. the letters i, у in stressed open syllable (lie, fly, final, lime);

2. igh followed by t (light, night, sight);

3. the letter i followed by ld, nd (child, wild, kind, blind).

Irregular Spelling: either, neither.

Irregular Readings: wind, city, pity.

Diphthong № 16 //

Graphical Rules:

Diphthong № 16 is represented in spelling by:

1. the digraph ou (out, thousand, stout);

2. the digraph ow (town, down, towel).

Irregular Spelling: drought, bough, plough.

// in proverbs and sayings;

1. A sound mind in a sound body.

2. Every cloud has a silver lining.

3. Actions speak louder than words.

4. To come out dry.

5. When angry, count a hundred.

Diphthong № 17 //

Graphical Rules:

Diphthong № 17 is represented in spelling by:

the digraph oi, oy (oil, boil, toy, oyster).

Irregular Readings: tortoise.

// in proverbs and sayings:

The voice of one man is the voice of no man.

Diphthong № 18 //

Graphical Rules:

Diphthong № 18 is represented in spelling by:

1. the letter combinations ere, ear, eer (here, sphere, hear, dear, fear, deer, beer, pioneer);

2. the letter combination ier (pier, fierce, cashier);

3. the letter e in open accented syllables + r (era, hero, period, serious).

Rare Spelling: theory, museum, theatre, idea, beard, real.

// in proverbs and sayings:

1. Neither here nor there.

2. Experience is the best teacher.

3. To be up to the ears in love.

Diphthong № 19 //

Graphical Rules:

Diphthong № 19 is represented in spelling by:

1. the letter combinations are, air (hare, fare, care, prepare, hair, chair, air);

2. the letter a in open accented syllable followed by r (vary, Mary, parent, variant).

NOTE. Mind the rr case: marry, parrot.

Irregular Spelling: are, bear, wear, tear, where, there.

// in proverbs and sayings:

1. Where there's a will, there's a way.

2. After rain comes fair weather.

3. If you run after two hares, you'll catch neither.

Diphthong № 20 //

Graphical Rules:

Diphthong № 20 is represented in spelling by:

1. the letter combination ure (cure, pure, sure);

2. the letter u in open accented syllable (fury, during).

Rare Spelling: poor, moor, tour, Europe.

Irregular Readings: to bury.

// in proverbs and sayings:

1. What can't be cured must be endured.

2. Slow but sure.

3. Curiosity killed a cat.