I would have been born in the middle of a

revolution."

Exercise 31:

Complete the following passage by adding because or because of.

Mountains and Weather

l their height, mountains are important

in the making of weather. When moisture-filled air

encounters mountains, it is forced upward.

2 the air cools at higher altitudes, water

vapor turns to rain or snow. By the time the air passes over

the mountaintops it has lost its moisture.

3 the air is much cooler and thinner

4 the dryness of then, it sinks. these

downward winds, Indians in the western United States call

them "snow eaters." They can evaporate snow at the rate of

two feet a day.

Exercise 32:

Complete the following passage by adding so that or in order to.

The Strange Weather of 1983

The years 1982-83 produced extremes of weather in

much of the world. Since then, meteorologists have been

watching many parts of the world 1

they can learn more about the causes of the unusual weather

Some scientists have studied volcanoes

2see their effect on temperature.

Others are researching "El Nino," a warm-water current

near the equator, 3 learn its role in

weather. In addition, meteorologists are studying air pollution

4 they can understand its effect on

weather, as well as its role in "acid rain." Most importantly,

scientists are collecting data worldwide

they can learn the interrelationships in global weather.

Exercise 33:

In the following sentences, change so that to in order to or in order to to so that.

Example: Meteorologists collect data in order to find patterns in

the weather.

Meteorologists collect data so that they can find patterns

In the weather.

1. Meteorologists study climates around the world in order to learn

about the interrelationships.

2. They measure wind speeds so that they can calculate the effects

on air pressure and circulation.

3. They watch high- and low-pressure areas in order to predict

changes in the weather.

4. They study mountainous regions in order to learn how mountains

affect weather.

5. Meteorologists take smog samples so that they can study the

effects of air pollution on weather.

6. Meteorologists work with oceanographers and geologists so that

they can understand the roles of oceans and land formations

in weather.

On Your Own Doctors take X-rays in order to look for broken

bones. A businesswoman learns accounting so that she can manage

her income. What do people in your career or hobby do? What

are they currently studying? Create at least five original sentences

using so that and in order to.

Exercise 34:

Combine the following sentences, using because or since.

Make any other changes and add punctuation when necessary.

Air Circulation Patterns

Example: The equator is closest to the sun. The atmosphere

around the equator absorbs the most solar energy.

Since (because) the equator is closest to the sun, the

atmosphere around it absorbs the most solar energy.

1. The air near the equator absorbs more solar energy. The air

near the equator is much hotter than the air near the poles.

2. Hot air rises. Low-pressure areas develop at the equator.

3. Low-pressure areas are like gaps in the atmosphere. Cold air

moves in from the poles to fill the low-pressure areas.

4. This cold air is warmed by the equatorial heat. This cold air

also expands and must rise.

5. This pattern is a cycle. Air almost always moves toward the

equator on the surface and away from it at high altitudes.

6. Hot and cold air flow in this cycle. Our atmosphere is

continually in motion.

On Your Own Summarize the information given in the preceding

exercise by answering these questions in your own words.

1. Why is the area around the equator the hottest part of our

atmosphere?

2. Why does the atmosphere move in a cycle?

Exercise 35:

Combine the following sentences, using because,

since, therefore, thus, as a result, consequently, accordingly, and for

this reason. Use each at least once. Change words and add

punctuation when necessary.

The Earth's Rotation and Weather

Example: The rotation of the earth and its atmosphere affects air

patterns. Air does not move directly north and south.

The rotation of the earth and its atmosphere affects

air patterns; as a result, air does not move directly

north and south.

1. Outer space is frictionless. The earth's atmosphere moves at the

same speed as the earth.

2. The earth's circumference at the equator is almost 25,000 miles.

The air at the equator travels 25,000 miles each day.

3. There is little surface wind at the equator. The earth and the

air move at the same speed.

4. Away from the equator, the surface speed of the earth decreases.

The earth's circumference grows smaller toward the two poles.

5. Away from the equator, the air and the earth do not move at

the same speed. The midlatitude winds are born.

6. Wind patterns become extremely complicated. The earth's

surface affects wind patterns.

T. The oceans and mountains break wind patterns. High-altitude

winds going to the poles can lose their heat.

8. These high-altitude winds lose their heat. These high-altitude

winds sink and mix with the surface winds below.

On Your Own Summarize the information given in the preceding

exercise by answering these questions in your own words.

1. Why is there normally little wind at the equator?

2. Why do winds develop away from the equator?

3. What are three factors that affect wind patterns?

Exercise 36:

Each selection uses transitions of contrast. Rewrite

the sentences in bold type to include clauses with although, even

though, though, while, where, or whereas.

1. Fog

The earth cools at night, and water vapor condenses in

damp areas, such as river valleys, producing fog. We call it

by a different name; nevertheless, fog is simply a cloud that

forms near the ground. Clouds are formed when warm air

rises and is cooled; on the other hand, fog is formed when

air cools near the ground or ocean.