- •Varieties of grammars.
- •4)Pedagogical (traditional) grammar
- •6)Reference grammar
- •14.Categorial meaning of English adjectives. Their lexical / grammatical subclasses and morphemic structure.
- •20. Categorial meaning of English verbs, their lexical / grammatical subclasses and morphemic structure.
- •1) Actional -Denote the action of the active doer
- •2) Statal -Denote the action of the inactive experiencer
- •21. Morphological categories of English verbs.
- •22. Status of future tense in English.
- •23. Syntagmatic / paradigmatic relations. Types of paradigmatic relations.
- •24. Oppositions in grammar. Binary privative opposition.
- •25. Oppositional reduction, Oppositional substitution.
- •26. History of syntactic studies. Ancient times.
- •27. History of syntactic studies. Middle ages and XIX c.
- •28. Approaches to and achievements in syntactic studies in XX c.
- •29. The phrase. Structural classification of English phrases
- •Independent
- •30. The phrase. Structural classification of English phrases.
- •Verb Phrase
- •Infinitive Phrase
- •31. The definition of the sentence. Distinctive features of English sentences.
- •Classification by purpose
- •(B) classification by structure
- •33. Structural types of simple sentences (after r. Quirk et al).
- •34. Ic method. Types of immediate constituents.
- •Immediate Constituents (ic) method (bloomfield’s term)
- •35. Compound sentences. Types of connections ((a)syndetic)
- •36. Complex sentences. Noun clauses.
- •37. Complex sentences. Adjective clauses.
- •38. Complex sentences. Adverbial clauses.
- •39. Basic notions of pragmatics. Locution, illocution, perlocution. Types of addressees.
- •40. Speech acts classification (John Searle)
- •41. Speech acts classification (Pocheptsov g.G., Shevchenko I.S.)
- •42. Pragmatic transposition.
- •43. Text and discourse (approaches to distinguishing)
- •44.Seven principles of textuality (r de Beaugrande)
- •45. Grammatical cohesion of the text (m.A.K. Halliday, r.Hasan). Types of cohesive devices.
- •2) Ellipsis
- •3) Substitution
- •46. Lexical cohesion of the text (m.A.K. Halliday, r.Hasan).
- •47. Coherence :: cohesion of the text. Types of relations of coherence.
- •48. Spontaneous and induced discourse.
- •49. Discourse analysis as a social research method.
- •50. Levels of sociological discourse analysis.
- •51. Textual discourse analysis. Discourse as object.
- •52. Content as a level of discourse analysis.
- •53. Contextual discourse analysis.
- •54. Interpretation as discourse analysis.
- •55. Semiotic (structural and formal) as a level of textual discourse analysis.
- •56. Frame discourse analysis.
- •57. Conversation discourse analysis.
- •58. Sociological interpretation of discourse.
- •59. Discourse as social information.
20. Categorial meaning of English verbs, their lexical / grammatical subclasses and morphemic structure.
Categorial meaning – dynamic process, process developing in time
Syntactic function – predicate
The Grammatical Categories of the English Verb:
Person and number
Aspect
Tense
Voice
Mood
Subclasses of verbs:
Notional
Have full nominative value
Comprise an open class of words
(Semi)functional
Have partial nominative value
Comprise a close class of words
NOTIONAL VERBS
1) Actional -Denote the action of the active doer
Physical -to write, to fight, to help
Mental -To calculate, to compare
Perceptual- To look, to listen, to smell
2) Statal -Denote the action of the inactive experiencer
Physical- to ripen, to deteriorate
Mental - to understand, to forget
Perceptual - to see, to hear, to smell
The aspect features of verbal semantics:
durative / continual : continue, linger, last, live, exist
Iterative / repeated: reconsider, return
terminate / concluded: terminate, finish, end, close
interminate / non-concluded: live, study, think
instantaneous / momentary: burst, click, drop, fall
ingressive / starting: begin, start, resume
supercompleted : outgun, oversimplify
undercompleted: underestimate, undersleep
The combinatory potential of the verb:
Transitive verbs take a prepositionless complement (the direct object)
Objective verbs combine both with the subject and the object
Intransitive verbs usually cannot take the direct object
Subjective verbs are connected to the subject only
(SEMI)FUNCTIONAL VERBS
-AUXILIARIES - build analytical forms of the notional verbs
-MODALS - denote subject attitudes to the action
-VERBID INTRODUCERS - introduce non-finite forms of the verb into the structure of the sentence
-COPULAS - connect the nominative part of the predicate to the subject
English verbal tense forms: 4 verbal tense forms: the present, the past , the future, and the future-in-the-past .
21. Morphological categories of English verbs.
According to different principles of classification, classifications can be morphological, lexical-morphological, syntactical and functional.
A. Morphological classifications.. I. According to their stem-types all verbs fall into: simple (to go),sound-replacive (food - to feed, blood - to bleed), stress-replacive (import - to import, transport - to transport, expanded (with the help of suffixes and prefixes): cultivate, justify, overcome, composite (correspond to composite nouns): to blackmail), phrasal: to have a smoke, to give a smile (they always have an ordinary verb as an equivalent). 2.According to the way of forming past tenses and Participle II verbs can be regularand irregular.
B. Lexical-morphological classification is based on the implicit grammatical meanings of the verb. According to the implicit grammatical meaning of transitivity/intransitivity verbs fall into transitive andintransitive. According to the implicit grammatical meaning of stativeness/non-stativeness verbs fall into stative and dynamic. According to the implicit grammatical meaning of terminativeness/non-terminativeness verbs fall into terminative and durative. This classification is closely connected with the categories of Aspect and Phase.