Legal professions in russia
Lawyers in private practice in Russia work mostly within colleges of advocates - self-managed cooperative type organization. The highest body of advocates’ self management is the general meeting of a college. The presidium headed by the chairperson is the executive board of each college. The presidium is elected by the general meeting for a term of three years. There are colleges of advocates in the cities, regions, republics or autonomous entities. Any college is represented by law firms or legal aid offices, which render all regular legal assistance to citizens: advocates counsel people, draft legal documents, represent plaintiffs or defendants in civil litigation, and provide defense in criminal proceedings.
Many lawyers are employed by the law offices of enterprises, ministries and agencies as in-house counsel (jurisconsult). These lawyers have all powers of an attorney, but they represent their single and permanent “client” – their organization. They support and counsel it, provide expertise in administrative, employment, tax, insurance, contract, international and other legal issues, draft documents and contracts, act in negotiations, deals and lawsuits.
Some lawyers may work as notaries. A notary is a public officer who certifies the document or its copy’s authenticity and witnesses official acts: wills, commercial papers, etc. Lawyers may serve as judges or prosecutors. A prosecutor usually initiates a criminal case and conducts criminal proceedings, presents the evidence of the committed crime. A judge presides in courtroom and administers justice, resolves disputes between the parties, decides the case during the trial, directs the jury and gives the judgment.
Legal careers also include teaching law and academic research work. In Russia there are 40 institutions of higher education in law (either a law school attached to a university or a separate entity called a “juridical institute”). There are also separate research centres in law, the most prominent of which is the Institute of State and Law under the Academy of Sciences of Russia.
Работа над текстом
Упражнение 1. Прочтите текст А, пользуясь словарем.
Упражнение 2. Ответьте на следующие вопросы.
What kind of organization is a college of advocates?
Lawyers in private practice in Russia work mostly within colleges of advocates - self-managed cooperative type organization.
What is the highest body of advocates’ self-management?
The highest body of advocates’ self management is the general meeting of a college.
Who is the presidium of each college headed by?
The presidium headed by the chairperson is the executive board of each college. The presidium is elected by the general meeting for a term of three years.
What organizations represent colleges of advocates in the cities, republics, regions and autonomous entities?
Any college is represented by law firms or legal aid offices, which render all regular legal assistance to citizens: advocates counsel people, draft legal documents, represent plaintiffs or defendants in civil litigation, and provide defense in criminal proceedings.
What does the work of advocate involve?
Advocates counsel people, draft legal documents, represent plaintiffs or defendants in civil litigation, and provide defense in criminal proceedings.
6 Who are in-house counsels employed by?
Many lawyers are employed by the law offices of enterprises, ministries and agencies as in-house counsel (jurisconsult).
7. What does the work of in-house counsel involve?
These lawyers have all powers of an attorney, but they represent their single and permanent “client” – their organization. They support and counsel it, provide expertise in administrative, employment, tax, insurance, contract, international and other legal issues, draft documents and contracts, act in negotiations, deals and lawsuits.
8. What are the duties of a notary?
A notary is a public officer who certifies the document or its copy’s authenticity and witnesses official acts: wills, commercial papers, etc.
9. What are the duties of a prosecutor?
A prosecutor usually initiates a criminal case and conducts criminal proceedings, presents the evidence of the committed crime.
10.What are the responsibilities of a judge?
A judge presides in courtroom and administers justice, resolves disputes between the parties, decides the case during the trial, directs the jury and gives the judgment.
What else do legal careers include?
Legal careers also include teaching law and academic research work. In Russia there are 40 institutions of higher education in law (either a law school attached to a university or a separate entity called a “juridical institute”).
What is the most prominent research centre in law in Russia?
There are also separate research centres in law, the most prominent of which is the Institute of State and Law under the Academy of Sciences of Russia.
Упражнение 3. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты для следующих словосочетаний.
коллегия адвокатов (college of advocates), частная практика (private practice), независимая общественная организация (independent public organization), исполнительный комитет (executive committee), председатель (the chairman), юридическая консультация (legal consultation), предоставлять юридическую помощь (to provide legal aid), составлять юридические документы (to make legal documents), давать рекомендации (to make recommendation), представлять истца (ответчика) в суде (to represent claimant in court), обеспечивать защиту (to provide protection), гражданский судебный спор (civil judicial dispute), давать заключение (экспертную оценку) (to draw conclusion), удостоверять подлинность документа (to certify authenticity of the document), заверить подписанный документ (to assure signed document), начинать уголовное дело (to begin criminal case), вести уголовное дело (проводить уголовное преследование) (to run criminal business (to carry out criminal prosecution)), предъявлять доказательства (to show proofs), председательствовать в суде (to preside in court), отправлять правосудие (to administer justice), принимать решение по спору (to make the decision on dispute), давать инструкцию присяжным (to give instruction juror), выносить решение по делу (to pass the decision on business).
Упражнение 4. Образуйте существительные от следующих глаголов.
- to employ –employ
- to involve –involve
- to represent –represent
- to certify –certify
- to initiate –initate
- to administer –admininstrator
- to decide – decide
Упражнение 5. Какие из следующих предложений соответствуют/не соответствуют содержанию текста? Обоснуйте свой ответ.
1. Lawyers can’t have private practice in Russia. F Lawyers in private practice in Russia work mostly within colleges of advocates - self-managed cooperative type organization.
The presidium is elected by the general meeting for the term of thirty years. F
The presidium is elected by the general meeting for a term of three years.
3. Any college of advocates in its territory is represented by law firms or legal aid offices.T
4. Advocates represent a single client.T
5. Advocates represent plaintiffs or defendants in civil litigation.T
An in-house counsel witnesses wills.F
Many lawyers are employed by the law offices of enterprises, ministries and agencies as in-house counsel (jurisconsult).
A prosecutor initiates a criminal case and conducts criminal proceedings.T
A judge never instructs the jury or gives the judgment.F
A judge presides in courtroom and administers justice, resolves disputes between the parties, decides the case during the trial, directs the jury and gives the judgment.
9. Legal careers also include teaching law and research work.T
10. An in-house counsel can provide expertise in many legal issues. T
Упражнение 6. Закончите следующие предложения.
A college of advocates is …
Advocates are lawyers who …
In-house counsels are lawyers who…
A notary is an officer who…
The duties of a prosecutor are…
The responsibilities of a judge are…
Legal careers in Russia also include…
Text B