- •1. The subject of theoretical grammar. Its relations to other branches of linguistics
- •2. The notion of ‘grammatical meaning’.
- •3. The notion of grammatical forms, category and opposition.
- •4, 8. Grammatical homonymy in morphology and syntax.
- •5 The notion of morph and allomorphs.
- •6 The morpheme. Types of morpheme
- •10, 11. Syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations in language
- •12 Language as a system and structure
- •13 The dichotomy of language and speech
- •14. The phrase. The problem of predicative phrases.
- •15. The phrase. Different approaches to the definition of phrase.
- •16. Classification of phrases according to different criteria.
- •17. Coordinate and subordinate phrases.
- •21. Noun
- •22. The category of number
- •23, Syntagmatic properties of noun
- •24. Criteria of noun classification
- •25. The category of case.
- •26. The Problem of Gender in English
- •29 Classification of Verbs
- •30. The category of tense
- •31. The category of voice
- •32.Types of predication
- •33. The category of finitude of verbs.
- •34. The category of aspect
- •35. The category of time correlation.
- •36. Analytical and synthetic forms of the verb.
- •41 - The sentence. General survey.
- •Clauses
- •By structure
- •By purpose Sentences can also be classified based on their purpose:
- •42 - The main characteristics of the sentence
- •43. The structural classification of sentences.
- •44. Communicative types of sentences.
- •45. Actual division of the sentence. Methods of identification of the theme and the rheme.
- •47. Kernel sentences.
- •48. The Composite Sentence
- •49. Compound Sentences
- •52. . Essential features of the sentance
- •54. Pragmatic aspects of the sentence. The correlation of semantics and pragmatics of the sentence.
- •57. The Object
- •58. The Attribute
- •59. The Subject
- •60. The Predicate
57. The Object
The complexity of the object as a sentence member makes difficult to work out an adequate approach to describing this phenomenon. Different classifications of objects have been proposed both by Russian and foreign scholars. The most common ones are as follows:
Objects are divided into direct, indirect and prepositional.
This classification is far from perfect since the principle it is based on is not consistent. Direct and indirect objects are singled out on the basis of the contents while prepositional objects are differentiated based on the formal feature (presence of preposition). Besides, indirect and prepositional objects can overlap.
Objects are grouped into prepositional and non-prepositional.
The drawback of this classification is that the underlying principle is not specific uniquely to objects.
Prof. Pocheptsov singles out the following types of objects:
Object object (gononHeHHe oSteKTa) is a sentence member dependent on the verb, adjective or a word of the category of state that denotes an object of action or of quality. It can be prepositional or non-prepositional.
Addressee object (gononHeHHe agpecaTa) denotes a person or an object to which some action performed by the subject (if the verb is in the Active Voice) is directed.
e.g. I called her.
prepositional: I sent a letter to her.
non-prepositional: I sent her a letter.
Subject object (gononHeHHe cySteKTa) is used with a verb in Passive and denotes the doer of the action expressed by the verb. It is always prepositional - by/with N
58. The Attribute
Attribute is a dependent element of a nominative phrase that denotes an attributive quality of an object expressed by a noun. It is a secondary part of the sentence modifying a part of the sentence expressed by a noun, a substantival pronoun, a cardinal numeral, and any substantivised word, and characterizing the thing named by these words as to its quality or property.
According to the position relative to the head word, attributes can be prepositive and postpositive. The position of an attribute with respect to its head word depends partly on the morphological peculiarities of the attribute itself, and partly on stylistic factors.
Apposition has been often regarded as a special kind of attribute, and sometimes as a secondary part of a sentence distinct from an attribute. Apposition is a word or phrase referring to a part of the sentence expressed by a noun, and explaining and specifying its meaning by giving it another name. Appositions are usually expressed by nouns.
The major problem concerning the secondary sentence parts is caused by the fact that characteristic features of each of the three types are not clearly defined, therefore describing a given word or phrase as an object or an attribute in some cases, or describing it as an object or an adverbial modifier, in others, often proves to be a matter of personal opinion or predilection.
There are some elements of the sentence which are neither its main parts, nor any of the usual secondary ones. They are the direct address and the parenthesis. (Refer to the book by Ilyish for more information).