- •1. The subject of theoretical grammar. Its relations to other branches of linguistics
- •2. The notion of ‘grammatical meaning’.
- •3. The notion of grammatical forms, category and opposition.
- •4, 8. Grammatical homonymy in morphology and syntax.
- •5 The notion of morph and allomorphs.
- •6 The morpheme. Types of morpheme
- •10, 11. Syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations in language
- •12 Language as a system and structure
- •13 The dichotomy of language and speech
- •14. The phrase. The problem of predicative phrases.
- •15. The phrase. Different approaches to the definition of phrase.
- •16. Classification of phrases according to different criteria.
- •17. Coordinate and subordinate phrases.
- •21. Noun
- •22. The category of number
- •23, Syntagmatic properties of noun
- •24. Criteria of noun classification
- •25. The category of case.
- •26. The Problem of Gender in English
- •29 Classification of Verbs
- •30. The category of tense
- •31. The category of voice
- •32.Types of predication
- •33. The category of finitude of verbs.
- •34. The category of aspect
- •35. The category of time correlation.
- •36. Analytical and synthetic forms of the verb.
- •41 - The sentence. General survey.
- •Clauses
- •By structure
- •By purpose Sentences can also be classified based on their purpose:
- •42 - The main characteristics of the sentence
- •43. The structural classification of sentences.
- •44. Communicative types of sentences.
- •45. Actual division of the sentence. Methods of identification of the theme and the rheme.
- •47. Kernel sentences.
- •48. The Composite Sentence
- •49. Compound Sentences
- •52. . Essential features of the sentance
- •54. Pragmatic aspects of the sentence. The correlation of semantics and pragmatics of the sentence.
- •57. The Object
- •58. The Attribute
- •59. The Subject
- •60. The Predicate
47. Kernel sentences.
Structurally the kernel sentences coincides with the elementary sentence. The difference is, that the iattern of the kernel sentence is interpreted as forming the base of a oaradigmatic derivation in the corresponding sentence-pattern series.
Thus, syntactic derivation should not be understood as an immediate change of one sentence into another one; a pronounced or written sdntence is a finished utterance that thereby cannot undergo any changes. Syntactic derivation is to be understood as paradigmatic production of more complex pattern-constructions out of kernel pattern-constructoins as their structural bases. The description of this production («generation») may be more detailed and less detailed, i.e. it can be effected in more generalized and less generalized terms,depending on the aim of the scholar.The most concrete presentation concerns a given speech-utterance analysed into its derivation history on the level of the word-forms.
E.g. -«I saw him come».
This sentence is described in school grammar as a sentence with a complex object, which is syntagmatically adequate, though incomplete from the systemic point of view. The syntagmatic description is supplemented and re-interpreted within the framework of the paradigmatic description pre-senting the sentence in question as produced from the two kernel sentences: I saw him.+ He came.+I saw him come.
48. The Composite Sentence
Unlike a simple sentence that consists of a single independent clause with no dependent clauses, a composite sentence is built up by two or more predicative lines. It can be defined as a structural and semantic unity of two or more syntactic constructions each having a predicative center of its own, built on the basis of a syntactic connection and used in speech communication as a unit of the same rank as the simple sentence.
The following characteristics should be kept in mind when discussing composite sentences:
the type of syntactic connection (coordination or subordination);
the rank of predicative constructions, that is, the place occupied by the predicative construction in the hierarchy of clauses;
presence or absence of connectors and their character.
A general classification of composite sentences can be based on the first two criteria - the type of syntactic connection and the rank of predicative constructions. Here compound and complex sentences are singled out. In the compound sentence predicative constructions of the high rank are connected by means of coordination while in the complex sentence - by means of subordination.
According to the way in which parts of the composite sentence are joined together, two types can be singled out:
syndetic (by means of connectors);
asyndetic (without any connectors).
The connector can either be a conjunction, a pronoun or an adverb. If it is a conjunction, its function in the sentence is to join the clauses together. If it is a pronoun or an adverb (i. e. a relative pronoun or a relative adverb), then it serves as a part of one of the two clauses which are joined (a subject, object, adverbial modifier, etc.), and also joins the two clauses together.
There can be disputable cases when it is not quite clear a composite sentence is syndetic or asyndetic. It depends on the way we view a particular word.
e.g. The one thing she seems to aim at is Individuality; yet she cares nothing for individuals.
The second clause of the composite sentence opens with the word yet, so we may say that it is an adverb and the connection is asyndetic, or else, that it is a conjunction and the connection is syndetic.