матан Бесов - весь 2012
.pdfx = 2mπ m Z
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k=1 sin kx = |
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2 sin |
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2 sin |
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= |
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2 sin |
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sin kx |
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sin |
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x = 2mπ m Z x = 2mπ
! ! "
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∞ |
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cos kx |
, α > 0, |
x R. |
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kα |
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% x = |
2mπ m Z |
cos kx |
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$ |
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k=1 |
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sin |
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% x = 2mπ m Z $ &
∞ |
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1α |
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k=1 |
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'( ) ' |
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% {ak} * |
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∞ |
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ak |
sin kx |
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α > 0, |
x R, |
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kα |
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k=1 |
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#, |
bk = |
sin kx |
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kα |
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-! '( . ) , / " ", 0 /
, " &
§
, " /
& 0
& 0 "& 0 " 1
2 , / |
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0 |
∞ |
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ak % |
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% |
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k=1 |
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ak 0, |
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a+ |
ak, |
a− |
ak, |
ak < 0, |
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0, |
ak |
< 0, |
k |
0, |
ak 0. |
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+ , a+ 0 a− 0 ak = a+ + a− |
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% |
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ak+ |
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+ ak− |
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a− = ak − a+ |
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k |
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k !0 3 |
, " , " /
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ak " |
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∞ |
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ak |
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k=1 |
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A R |
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A |
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ak |
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+ − |
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k " |
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a+ |
! " ! ! |
ak < 0 |
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!0 , |
αi |
+ , |
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ak |
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αi = |
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(−βi) = |
ak αi |
0 βi > 0 |
i N |
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ak 0 |
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ak <0 |
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2 ! |
αi |
(−βi) |
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ak |
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+ !0 |
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αi |
(−βi) !0 ", 3 / |
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ak % 3 ", 0 / |
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!0 |
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αi |
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(−βi) |
ak
A R
α1 + . . . + αm1 − β1 − . . . − βn1 + αm1+1 + . . .
+αm2 − βn1+1 − . . . − βn2 + . . . ,
mi ni N 1 m1 < m2 < . . . 1 n1 < n2 < . . .
! " #
αi " Sn
αm1 #
Sm1 $!#
% A Sm1 > A & ' ! αi
"
! " |
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(−βi) $ " |
Sn |
−βn1 |
Sm1+n1 ! %
A Sm1+n1 < A
! ! #
" " αi #
%
αm2 Sn1+m2 #
$! % A Sn1+m2 > A
( ! # |
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" (−βi) |
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−βn2 |
Sm2+n2 ! % A Sm2+n2 < A
) ' #
% ak ! %
) %
A |A − Sn| * n
max{αm1 , βn1 } n !#
+ max{βn1 , αm2 } ( +
max{αm2 , βn2 }
§
) ! αi → 0 βi → 0 i → ∞
Sn → A n → ∞ ,
- ! " #
' ! " #
$ $ " % .
/ Sn → +∞ n → +∞0 1 Sn → −∞ n → +∞0
2 $ " !#
! {Sn}
) ! ! " #
{zk} = {xk + iyk} #
z0 = x0 + y0
lim |zk − z0| = 0.
k→∞
3 z0 = x0 + iy0 4
{zk} lim zk = z0 zk → z0
k→∞
k → ∞
) !
|zk − z0| = (xk − x0)2 + (yk − y0)2,
" ! zk → z0 ! " ' %
" ! % % ! " xk → → x0 yk → y0 k → ∞ & % #
( ' ! #
! " !#
" % ! " #
' C " 4
5
∞
z1 + z2 + z3 + . . . |
zk, zk C, |
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k=1 |
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∞ |
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zk " zk = xk + iyk |
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" " " |
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∞ |
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∞ |
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# |
xk |
yk |
k=1 |
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k=1 |
§ $ § $% # &
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akbk ak |
k N |
k=1 |
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§
( ) "
* + ,
# " Rd d N
- * + |
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{fn}1∞, |
fn : E → C, E Rd. |
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E
{fn(x)}∞1 # * x
E
/ ) " #
E
.
E f 0 E → C 1
fn f n → ∞
E
sup |fn(x) − f (x)| → 0 n → ∞.
x E
2
" # +∞ &
#
.
E
E
f : E → C fn f n → ∞.
E
E
E
fn(x) = xn 0 x < 1 !
{fn(x)}∞1 " [0, 1)
[0, 1) #
$ f (x) = 0 x
[0, 1) %
sup |xn − 0| = 1 → 0 n → ∞.
x [0,1)
& ' [0, q] 0 < q <
< 1 |
sup |xn − 0| = qn → 0 n → ∞ |
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x [0,q] |
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$ fn( [0, 1] → R |
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n N |
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0 x = 0 x |
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n |
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fn(x) = |
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x = |
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2n |
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fn |
0, |
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y |
2n |
2n |
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+ fn(x) → 0 n → |
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→ ∞ x [0, 1] |
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sup |fn − 0| = 1 → 0 |
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[0,1) |
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n → ∞ ! |
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{fn} |
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2n |
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) * |
[0, 1] |
, "- . " / |
2 0
E f ( E → C
ε > 0 n = n(ε) : |fn(x) − f (x)| < ε x E, n n(ε).
1 2 n = n(ε) ' x E . '
§
n(ε) n(x, ε) n(ε) '- -1 x
2 -
E
2 3 !
4 $ 3 $!
4 '$ E #
- - "
fn(x) f (x) 5 . εn sup |fn −
E
− f | → 0 n → ∞
2 -1 fn f !
E
fn − f 0
E
{fn} fn E → C E
ε > 0 nε N : sup |fn − fm| < ε n, m nε.
E
6 ' |
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fn f |
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E |
& 7 |
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ε > 0 |
nε N : sup |fn − f | < |
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n nε. |
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" n m nε |
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sup |fn − fm| sup |fn − f | + sup |fm − f | < |
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+ |
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= ε. |
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E |
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$ 8 9 |
& 7 |
x E $
ε > 0 nε N : |fn(x) − fm(x)| < ε n, m nε, x E.
/
# 8 9 !
{fn(x)} x E !
' {fn(x)} '
f (x) fn f n → ∞
E
m → ∞
ε > 0 nε N : |fn(x) − f (x)| ε n nε, x E.
x
E |
fn f n → ∞ |
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E |
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∞ |
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E Rd. |
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uk, uk : E → C, |
" |
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# " |
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E |
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∞ |
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uk(x), x E, |
$ |
k=1
% x E
" E
& ' ( ) " E
) E )*
Sn n uk +
k=1
, " E
(+ % S- E → C S(x) =
= lim Sn(x) x E
n→∞
# " E
E *
) ) {Sn} + E *
. / *
$
§
4 # " E
E |
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sup |
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uk → 0 n → ∞. |
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k=n+1 |
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∞ |
(−1) |
k+1 |
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( ) k=1 |
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k + x2 |
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E = (−∞, +∞) |
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' x E ( 0 ' |
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∞ |
(−1)k+1 |
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→ 0 (n → ∞). |
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n+1 |
k + x2 |
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n + 1 + x2 |
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. ) |
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(−∞, +∞) |
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1' *
' ( x (−∞, +∞)
"
E
un 0 n → ∞.
E
( ) ( un = Sn −
−Sn−1 Sn S Sn−1 S n → ∞
EE
*
*
/ *
) +
% ) + % ( *
/ % ) + *
) ' & +
+ 2
E
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n+p |
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< ε n n(ε), |
p N. |
ε > 0 n(ε) N : sup |
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uk |
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k=n+1 |
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∞ |
∞ |
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uk vk |
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k=1 |
k=1 |
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∞ |
E λ μ R |
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(λuk + |
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k=1 |
+ μvk) E
! λ μ " ! E #$
% &
2 ' (
) & # (
! *# !
+ , - (
4
§
uk E → C vk E → [0, +∞) E Rd
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|uk(x)| vk(x) x E, k N. |
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vk E |
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∞ |
k=1 |
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uk E ! |
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. x E n N |
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p N |
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n+p |
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n+p |
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|uk(x)| |
vk(x). |
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uk(x) |
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k=n+1 |
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k=n+1 |
k=n+1 |
§
% + , -/- |
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vk |
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n+p |
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vk(x) < ε n n(ε), p N. |
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ε > 0 n(ε) N : sup |
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x E k=n+1 |
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. ' ε n(ε) |
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n+p |
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n+p |
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sup |
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sup |
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|uk(x)| < ε n n(ε), p N. |
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uk(x) |
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x E |
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k=n+1 |
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x E |
k=n+1 |
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* ! + , |
uk |
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|uk| E |
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0 |
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uk E → |
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→ C E Rd ak R k N |
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|uk(x)| ak x E, k N. |
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∞ |
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∞ |
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ak |
uk E |
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k=1 |
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k=1 |
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!
1 {fn} #$
f 2 E → C E Rd |
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n |
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E |
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M R : |fn(x)| M x E, n N. |
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* ) |
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∞ |
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ak(x)uk(x), |
- |
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k=1 |
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! a 2 |
E → R u |
2 E → C E Rd |
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k |
k |
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! " |
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# # # |
ak(x) |
$ x E ak 0 k → ∞
E
∞
uk
1
uk E
E
n+p
ak(x)uk(x) =
k=n+1 |
n+p |
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n+p−1 |
k |
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uk(x) − |
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k=n+1 |
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! "# $ |
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uk(x) M R |
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n |
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M |
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x E. |
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uk(x) |
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k=1 |
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% !$ $ {ak(x)}
k
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2M |an+p(x)| + 2M |ak+1(x) − ak(x)| = |
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ak(x)uk(x) |
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n+p−1 |
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k=n+1
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& ' ! ak 0 k → ∞
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E |
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n+p |
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ε > 0 n(ε) N : |
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< ε |
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ak(x)uk(x) |
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k=n+1
n n(ε), p N, x E.
( ) * +
$ #$ E
§ |
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{ak(x)}
E Rd x
E {ak(x)}
uk(x) E
E
$,
! $ {ak(x)} -.
M R
|ak(x)| M k N, x E.
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& #$ $ uk ( ) |
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* + |
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n+p |
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ε > 0 n(ε) N : |
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< ε |
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uk(x) |
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k=n+1
n n(ε), p N, x E.
/ ,$ $0
{ak(x)} $ , ! ε > 0 1
n(ε) N |
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n+p |
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M ε + ε |
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|ak+1(x) − ak(x)| = |
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(ak+1(x) − ak(x)) |
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k=n+1
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( ) * + ,$ $ 0
#$ $ 2 E
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∞ |
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3$ |
sin kx |
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k=1 |
kα |
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◦ α > 1 #$ [0, 2π]4 |
◦ 0 < α 1 , [a, b] (0, 2π) # 0 $ 4
◦ 0 < α 1 [0, δ] δ > 0 |
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◦ 0 < α 1 ! " |
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sin kx |
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sin 1 |
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kα x= |
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+ ! [0, δ] δ > 0 &
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, - . / [0, δ]
§
, ( 0 " f % E → → C 1 E Rd &
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" |
x(0) E E |
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ε > 0 δ = δε > 0 : |f (x) − f (x(0))| < ε |
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x E ∩ Uδ (x(0)), |
-/ |
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& E
& ( E E , ( 0 " f !
f = g + ih ) g h 2 ! ( & 0 " 3( ( & ! 0 " f ( x(0) E
E - E/ ! &
0 " g h ( x(0) E - E/
{fn}
fn E → C E Rd
E f fn f n → ∞
E
fn x(0) E E
f x(0)
E
ε > 0 |
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n(ε) N : |f (x) − fn(ε)(x)| < ε x E. |
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x E |
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|f (x) − f (x(0))| |f (x) − fn(ε)(x)| + |fn(ε)(x) − fn(ε)(x(0))|+
+|f (x(0)) − fn(ε)(x(0))| < 2ε + |fn(ε)(x) − fn(ε)(x(0))|.
fn(ε) x(0)
E
δ = δε > 0 : |fn(ε)(x) − fn(ε)(x(0))| < ε x E ∩ Uδ (x(0)).
! " # $
|f (x) − f (x(0))| < 3ε x E ∩ Uδ (x(0)).
%$ & f x(0)
E
1 uk uk E → C E Rd E
u |
k |
x(0) E E |
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S = uk x(0) |
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E |
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fn = |
n |
uk f = S |
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k=1 |
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! E = [a, b] R |
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fn |
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[a, b] n N fn f n → ∞ |
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[a,b] |
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x |
x |
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fn(t) dt |
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f (t) dt n → ∞. |
"#$ |
a[a,b] a
% f
! [a, b] & [a, b] % ε > 0 ' &
{fn} f
n(ε) N : |fn(x) − f (x)| < ε x [a, b], n n(ε).
( n n(ε)
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! |
x |
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! x |
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! b |
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sup |
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fn(t) dt − |
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|fn(t) − f (t)| dt < ε(b − a), |
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f (t) dt |
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a x b |
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a |
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a |
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a |
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! |
x |
! |
x |
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fn(t) dt x [a, b]. "*$ |
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lim |
fn(t) dt = |
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lim |
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n→∞ a |
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a |
n→∞ |
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+ , !
§ |
! |
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! , |
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% fn & ! [a, b] |
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n N fn f n → ∞ ' & f
[a,b]
& [a, b] ! - "#$ "*$
2
uk |
[a, b] |
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∞ |
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k N |
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uk [a, b] |
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∞k=1! |
x |
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uk(t) dt |
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a |
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k=1 |
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[a, b] |
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x |
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x |
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uk(t) dt = |
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uk(t) dt x [a, b]. |
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a |
k=1 |
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k=1 |
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a |
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% ) fn(x) = |
n |
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uk(x) |
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∞ |
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k=1 |
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uk(x) , |
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f (x) = |
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. |
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{fn}
[a, b]
c [a, b] {fn} "
[a, b] ϕ
{fn}
[a, b] [a, b]
f f = ϕ ( lim fn) = lim fn [a, b] n→∞ n→∞
% ϕ
! [a, b] ! / 01
! , ! x |
! x |
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fn(x) − fn(c) = |
fn(t) dt |
ϕ(t) dt n → ∞. |
c |
[a,b] |
c |
{fn(c)}
[a, b]
{fn} [a, b]
!" ! !# f
$ %
n → ∞
!x
f (x) − f (c) = ϕ(t) dt x [a, b].
c
$ &
% % #
' [a, b] (
'
f )
f (x) = ϕ(x) x [a, b]
'
3
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uk |
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[a, b] c [a, b] |
uk |
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[a, b] |
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uk [a, b] |
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[a, b] |
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uk = |
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[a, b]. |
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uk |
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n |
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) ' $ fn = |
uk |
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k=1 |
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* |
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+& , f (z) = f (x+
+iy) z = x + iy - &
%
( . !" ! ! !" ! / !" * ! '
E Rd E C x x(0) E 0 z z0 E $ & % § !" ! § !" /
% !" * ! !" *1
§
1 %
∞
an(z − z0)n, |
!# |
n=0 |
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an z0 0 % z 0
'%
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!# '% +∞2 |
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1 |
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R = |
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, 0 R +∞, |
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n |
|an| |
/# |
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lim |
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n→∞ |
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!# '% |
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{z C : |z − z0| < R}. |
*# |
3 % %
$ R = +∞
R = 0 %
1 /# '%