Because human bodies do not store most vitamins, humans must consume them regularly to avoid deficiency. Human bodily stores for different vitamins vary widely; vitamins A, D, and B12 are stored in significant amounts in the human body, mainly in the liver, and an adult human's diet may be deficient in vitamins A and B12 for many months before developing a deficiency condition. Vitamin B3 is not stored in the human body in significant amounts, so stores may only last a couple of weeks.

Well-known human vitamin deficiencies involve thiamine (beriberi), niacin (pellagra), vitamin C (scurvy) and vitamin D (rickets). In much of the developed world, such deficiencies are rare; this is due to (1) an adequate supply of food; and (2) the addition of vitamins and minerals to common foods, often called fortification.

Some evidence also suggests that there is a link between vitamin deficiency and mental disorders.

Side effects and overdose

In large doses, some vitamins have documented side effects that tend to be more severe with a larger dosage. The likelihood of consuming too much of any vitamin from food is remote, but overdosing from vitamin supplementation does occur. At high enough dosages some vitamins cause side effects such as nausea, diarrhea, and vomiting.

When side effects emerge, recovery is often accomplished by reducing the dosage. The concentrations of vitamins an individual can tolerate vary widely, and appear to be related to age and state of health. In the United States, overdose exposure to all formulations of vitamins was reported by 62,562 individuals in 2004 (nearly 80% of these exposures were in children under the age of 6), leading to 53 "major" lifethreatening outcomes and 3 deaths;a small number in comparison to the 19,250 people who died of unintentional poisoning of all kinds in the U.S. in the same year (2004).

Занятие № 18.

1.Тема занятия: «Зачетное занятие»

2.Значение темы – выявить уровень умений и навыков

3.Цели занятия: контроль усвоения изученного материала.

4.План изучения темы:

4.1. Итоговый контроль знаний.

1. Подготовка к устному тематическому контролю. Повторение основных ключевых слов и выражений. Обозначение лексического минимума по каждой теме. Письменный перевод текста.

Practice of Pharmacy

Pharmacy is the science which concerns the study of medical substances. It involves not only medicines, compounding and dispensing them but their combination, analysis and standardization as well. The word ―pharmacy‖ is also used to define the place where medicines are compounded, dispensed, stored and sold. A person who is scientifically and professionally capable of engaging in the practice of pharmacy is called a

―pharmacist‖.

The compounding of medicines usually requires the scientific combination of 2 or more ingredients but dispensing may only require the transfer of manufactured products to a prescription container. Both services demand special knowledge, experience, and

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high professional standards. A pharmacist should have knowledge of different subjects, such as physics, chemistry, botany, etc.

The field of medicine which studies drugs, their nature, origin, and effect in the body is called ―pharmacology‖.

Pharmacology is the science which embraces the history, source, cultivation, collection, preparation, distribution, identification, composition, purity and preservation of drugs of vegetable and animal origin.

A governmental agency Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has the legal responsibility for enforcing proper drug manufacture and clinical use. Besides it decides if a drug may be distributed and sold. There are definite standards for drugs set by an independent committee of physicians, pharmacologists, pharmacists and manufacturers. This committee is called the United States Pharmacopeia (U.S.P.) Two important standards of the U.S.P. are that the drug must be clinically useful (useful for patients) and available in pure form (made by good manufacturing methods). If a drug has U.S.P. after its name, it has met the standards of the Pharmacopeia. A list of drugs is published by the U.S.P. every 5 years. It contains description, tests and formulas for preparing the same. The Pharmacopeia describes also the proper method of packaging and storing the drug to prevent or retard deterioration.

But not all drugs are listed in the Pharmacopeia. The National Formulary (N.F.) is a larger list of drugs which meet purity standards. The letters U.S.P. and N.E. after a drug indicate that the manufacturer claims his product conforms to U.S.P. or N.E. standards. It is up to the FDA to inspect and enforce the claims of drug manufacturers

Notes:

1.medicinal substances-лекарственные вещества

2.dispensing-расфасовка

3.practice of pharmacy-фармацевт. практика (дело)

4.prescription containerемкость предусмотренная рецептом

5.source-источник

6.storing-хранение

7.retard-задерживать, тормозить

8.deterioration-ухудшение, порча

2.Контроль знания изученных тем через фронтальный опрос.

1.What temperature are benign forms of tuberculosis accompanied by?

2.In case of what disease is a marked shadowing in the lungs revealed by X-ray examination?

3.Where is a patient with a severe form of pneumonia admitted to?

4.What temperature is a severe form of lobular pneumonia usually accompanied by?

5.What substances are used for tablet making?

6.How can a therapeutist determine the enlargement of the heart?

7.What does atherosclerosis result from?

8.What does prevention of atherosclerosis consist of?

9.What is the cause of angina pectoris?

10.What are factors, which can increase the work of the heart?

11.What are the most important causes of chronic gastritis?

12.What are causes of ulcer?

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