- перевод в СДО / перевод в СДО posobie

Карташова А.В. «Перевод в сфере делового общения». Учебное пособие, 2010 год

норм и постановлений. Они реализовали на своей территории множество превентивных и репрессивных мероприятий, направленных против «отмывания» денег. Это современные и универсальные механизмы активизации весьма эффективных процедур, как на уровне самих банков, так и на международном уровне.

Процедура проверки происхождения денежных средств носит название «due diligence» и является решающим фактором при открытии банковского счета клиенту. Банк не выступает в роли дознавателя, но будет признателен за любую информацию, подтверждающую легальность происхождения средств клиента. Обычно клиенту задаются вопросы о его работе, компании, семье, супругах, детях, политической активности. Приветствуются документы, подтверждающие реальный доход, размер бизнеса или свидетельства о получении наследства и т.п. Далее следует проверка всех полученных данных специальным отделом банка, по результатам которой, дается либо согласие, либо отказ в открытии счета. Данная процедура может занимать от двух недель до одного месяца. Решающую роль при открытии банковского счета новому клиенту может играть рекомендация уже существующего клиента банка.

После принятия положительного решения об открытии счета, клиенту сообщаются все необходимые реквизиты, в том числе и для перечисления денежных средств. Копия договора может быть предоставлена, но обычно это не делается по причине соблюдения конфиденциальности. Клиент заранее обговаривает с банкиром размер перечисляемой суммы. Если фактический перевод существенно превышает оговоренный размер, то возможна дополнительная проверка банком «чистоты» денежных средств. Швейцарские банки очень аккуратны и предпочитают не иметь дела с наличными. Хотя в исключительных случаях возможно внесение на счет и наличных денег. Например, в случаях, когда клиент получает наличными выручку от продажи недвижимости и т.п. Существует также негласное правило, что банкир встречается со своим клиентом, как минимум, раз в году, чтобы обсудить лично все вопросы управления счетом, проинформировать о новых продуктах и услугах, выполнить поручения клиента.

Activity 5. Translate the given sentences into Russian and pay your attention to the underlined words and expressions.

BASIC TYPES OF CREDIT

There are four basic types of credit. By understanding how each works, you will be able to get the most for your money and avoid paying unnecessary charges.

Service credit is monthly payments for utilities such as telephone, gas,

Карташова А.В. «Перевод в сфере делового общения». Учебное пособие, 2010 год

electricity, and water. You often have to pay a deposit, and you may pay a late charge if your payment is not on time.

Loans let you borrow cash. Loans can be for small or large amounts and for a few days or several years. Money can be repaid in one lump sum or in several regular payments until the amount you borrowed and the finance charges are paid in full. Loans can be secured or unsecured.

Installment credit may be described as buying on time, financing through the store or the easy payment plan. The borrower takes the goods home in exchange for a promise to pay later. Cars, major appliances, and furniture are often purchased this way. You usually sign a contract, make a down payment, and agree to pay the balance with a specified number of equal payments called installments. The finance charges are included in the payments. The item you purchase may be used as security for the loan.

Credit cards are issued by individual retail stores, banks, or businesses. Using a credit card can be the equivalent of an interest-free loan – if you pay for the use of it in full at the end of each month.

A mortgage generally refers to the loan taken out to purchase a house (i.e. a home loan). It is a legal document on which a borrower (or "mortgagor") pledges a property (i.e. the house and land) as security for a loan which is to be repaid in installments. The pledge is cancelled only when the debt is paid in full. If the borrower fails to pay off the loan, the legal document gives the lender the right to take possession of the property and sell it.

CREDIT RATING BASICS

A credit bureau is a private record keeping business that maintains information about consumers and how they use credit to pay their bills. This information is then sold for a fee to businesses that inquire about a consumer's credit-worthiness. Many stores, credit card companies, and banks send information to credit bureaus regularly. Information on bankruptcies and court judgments is also added to records. Unfavorable information is kept on record for seven years, and bankruptcies remain for ten years.

A credit rating, credit history, or credit record is a detailed report on an individual's credit use. Developing and keeping a good credit rating is very important. In only seconds, creditors can use the report to decide whether you qualify for a loan or credit card, and landlords, employers, and insurers can base an offer for an apartment or job or a policy on the information. Potential employers may legally request your credit record if you apply for a job paying $20,000 or more a year. A good rating may also help you get credit at a lower cost.

The credit bureau supplies information to each creditor but does not give or deny credit. When a potential lender inquires about your credit history, you are evaluated on current debts, record of tax liens, and judgments

Карташова А.В. «Перевод в сфере делового общения». Учебное пособие, 2010 год

plus your past history of promptness in paying bills incurred with credit. Creditors must determine if you are financially able to repay the debt

you are about to incur. Each creditor has its own criteria for determining credit-worthiness. The credit grantor combines the information from the credit bureau with the information you supply on the credit application concerning income, savings and checking accounts, and home ownership. How long you have lived at the same address and how long you have worked at your present job are also considered.

Sometimes creditors use a scoring system to rate various characteristics to determine your credit-worthiness. Because this is often done by computer, it is very important that your credit report be accurate.

Often the item being financed (such as a car or appliance) helps determine whether you qualify, because the item is used as security and can be repossessed if you default on the loan. Creditors are cautious when someone has too many credit cards; a consumer could potentially charge them all to the maximum. Too many applications (called inquiries) for credit listed on your report in a short period of time are also cause for concern.

When you apply for a credit:

•You have the right to an equal opportunity to get credit.

•It is up to you to prove to the lender that you are a good credit risk.

•If you are denied credit for which you have applied, you have a right to know why.

Creditors may still deny credit if the applicant:

•has no credit history;

•does not have an adequate source of income;

•has excessive financial obligations;

•has foreclosures, bankruptcies, liens, or lawsuits in their recent past. To establish credit in your name.

•Even if you are happily married, you should have at least one major credit card in your own name to establish your financial identity.

•Use your legal name. Mrs. Robert Jones is a social title. Nancy Lynn Jones is your legal name.

•If you are widowed, your card issuer may ask you to reapply in your own name and can deny credit if you do not meet qualifications. If you can show that you were an authorized user or were responsible for the bills, this may be evidence of a personal credit history.

•If you are anticipating divorce, close all joint accounts to avoid having possible negatives from your future ex-husband reported in your name. If this is not possible, remove your name from all joint accounts. To establish your financial identity, open accounts in your own name.

Карташова А.В. «Перевод в сфере делового общения». Учебное пособие, 2010 год

•Before your divorce is final, communicate with your future exhusband and decide which debt belongs to whom, then ask each company and bank that extended you credit to transfer the debt to the name of the person who will be responsible.

•If you take your maiden name after divorce, ask your creditors to change your married name to your maiden name on your accounts.

•Request an oil company credit card; they are not usually difficult to get. Then pay it off promptly each month.

•Open a checking account in your name. Don't go below the minimum balance and don't bounce any checks. This will show that you can manage your finances.

•Open a savings account in your name and make systematic deposits.

•Open a secured credit card account if you cannot obtain a regular

card.

•Obtain a small loan from your bank or credit union and pay it back promptly or ahead of time. Check first to learn if the business reports transactions to a credit bureau; not all do.

•Apply for a credit card at a local store or bank.

Карташова А.В. «Перевод в сфере делового общения». Учебное пособие, 2010 год

11. INSURANCE

Insurance, in law and economics, is a form of risk management primarily used to hedge against the risk of a contingent loss. Insurance is defined as the equitable transfer of the risk of a loss, from one entity to another, in exchange for a premium, and can be thought of a guaranteed small loss to prevent a large, possibly devastating large loss. An insurer is a company selling the insurance. The insurance rate is a factor used to determine the amount, called the premium, to be charged for a certain amount of insurance coverage. Risk management, the practice of appraising and controlling risk, has evolved as a discrete field of study and practice.

Commercially insurable risks typically share seven common characteristics.

1.A large number of homogeneous exposure units. The vast majority of insurance policies are provided for individual members of very large classes. Automobile insurance, for example, covered about 175 million automobiles in the United States in 2004. The existence of a large number of homogeneous exposure units allows insurers to benefit from the so-called «law of large numbers», which in effect states that as the number of exposure units increases, the actual results are increasingly likely to become close to expected results. There are exceptions to this criterion. Lloyd's of London is famous for insuring the life or health of actors, actresses and sports figures. Satellite Launch insurance covers events that are infrequent. Large commercial property policies may insure exceptional properties for which there are no «homogeneous» exposure units. Despite failing on this criterion, many exposures like these are generally considered to be insurable.

2.Definite Loss. The event that gives rise to the loss that is subject to insurance should, at least in principle, take place at a known time, in a known place, and from a known cause. The classic example is death of an insured person on a life insurance policy. Fire, automobile accidents, and worker injuries may all easily meet this criterion. Other types of losses may only be definite in theory. Occupational disease, for instance, may involve prolonged exposure to injurious conditions where no specific time, place or cause is identifiable. Ideally, the time, place and cause of a loss should be clear enough that a reasonable person, with sufficient information, could objectively verify all three elements.

3.Accidental Loss. The event that constitutes the trigger of a claim should be fortuitous, or at least outside the control of the beneficiary of the insurance. The loss should be ‘pure,’ in the sense that it results from an event for which there is only the opportunity for cost. Events that contain speculative elements, such as ordinary business risks, are generally not considered insurable.

Карташова А.В. «Перевод в сфере делового общения». Учебное пособие, 2010 год

4.Large Loss. The size of the loss must be meaningful from the perspective of the insured. Insurance premiums need to cover both the expected cost of losses, plus the cost of issuing and administering the policy, adjusting losses, and supplying the capital needed to reasonably assure that the insurer will be able to pay claims. For small losses these latter costs may be several times the size of the expected cost of losses. There is little point in paying such costs unless the protection offered has real value to a buyer.

5.Affordable Premium. If the likelihood of an insured event is so high, or the cost of the event so large, that the resulting premium is large relative to the amount of protection offered, it is not likely that anyone will buy insurance, even if on offer. Further, as the accounting profession formally recognizes in financial accounting standards, the premium cannot be so large that there is not a reasonable chance of a significant loss to the insurer. If there is no such chance of loss, the transaction may have the form of insurance, but not the substance

6.Calculable Loss. There are two elements that must be at least estimable, if not formally calculable: the probability of loss, and the attendant cost. Probability of loss is generally an empirical exercise, while cost has more to do with the ability of a reasonable person in possession of a copy of the insurance policy and a proof of loss associated with a claim presented under that policy to make a reasonably definite and objective evaluation of the amount of the loss recoverable as a result of the claim.

7.Limited risk of catastrophically large losses. The essential risk is often aggregation. If the same event can cause losses to numerous policyholders of the same insurer, the ability of that insurer to issue policies becomes constrained, not by factors surrounding the individual characteristics of a given policyholder, but by the factors surrounding the sum of all policyholders so exposed. Typically, insurers prefer to limit their exposure to a loss from a single event to some small portion of their capital base, on the order of 5 percent. Where the loss can be aggregated, or an individual policy could produce exceptionally large claims, the capital constraint will restrict an insurer's appetite for additional policyholders. The classic example is earthquake insurance, where the ability of an underwriter to issue a new policy depends on the number and size of the policies that it has already underwritten. Wind insurance in hurricane zones, particularly along coast lines, is another example of this phenomenon. In extreme cases, the aggregation can affect the entire industry, since the combined capital of insurers and reinsurers can be small compared to the needs of potential policyholders in areas exposed to aggregation risk. In commercial fire insurance it is possible to find single properties whose total exposed value is well in excess of any individual insurer’s capital constraint. Such properties are generally shared among several

Карташова А.В. «Перевод в сфере делового общения». Учебное пособие, 2010 год

insurers, or are insured by a single insurer who syndicates the risk into the reinsurance market.

PRACTICE ACTIVITIES

Activity 1. Give the Russian equivalents to the following words and expressions used in the text.

Activity 2. Match the words in italics from sentences a – e below to these definitions.

1.the customer’s demand for payment: ……….

2.the price an insurance company states to provide insurance: ……….

3.the money the client has to pay to be insured: ……….

4.insurance protection: ……….

5.the conditions of an agreement: ……….

6.the insurance document: ……….

7.financial responsibility: ……….

8.to pay the money which is owed: ……….

9.the money the insurance company pays for loss or damage: ……….

10.produce an official document: ……….

Карташова А.В. «Перевод в сфере делового общения». Учебное пособие, 2010 год

a)She made an expensive claim last year so her car insurance premium has gone up.

b)At last the other party’s insurance company has admitted its liability and has agreed to settle our claim. You should receive a cheque for compensation in the next couple of weeks.

c)Before you sign the policy you should check its terms carefully.

d)If you find the quotation satisfactory, we can issue a policy by the end of the week.

e)You have bought some valuable property in the last few years, you should increase the level of your cover.

Activity 3. The jumbled text below describes the process that a car owner has to go through to insure his/her car. Put the sentences 1–7 in the right order (a – g).

1.If the car owner accepts the quotation, the company issues a policy which state the terms of the cover provided. …..

2.If he/she is adequately covered and the claim is valid, the insurance company is liable to pay the claim in full. …..

3.For example, third party cover will just pay for damage or injury to other people. Fully comprehensive cover, on the other hand, will cover damage to the policyholder’s own vehicle. …..

4.Once the car owner has chosen the type of cover he/she will be given a quotation for the premium that has to be paid. …..

5.However, if the company decides the car is worth less than the insured value, they will try to settle the claim for less. …..

6.This means that, if the policyholder then has an accident, he/she can make a claim. …..

7.He/she contacts an insurance company. The insurance company will ask for personal and vehicle details and the kind of cover the car owner wants. …..

Activity 4. Complete the sentences with the prepositions for, with, against, under and out.

1.Many film stars and artists have insured themselves ………. Lloyd’s. the film star Betty Grable’s legs were insured ………. £ 1,000,000 but fortunately they didn’t have to pay ………. .

2.When South American spiders were imported for the film Arachnophobia they were insured ………. an «animals as actors» policy.

3.Even though there was a £ 10,000 damage the insurance company tried to make her settle ………. half.

Карташова А.В. «Перевод в сфере делового общения». Учебное пособие, 2010 год

4.Banks can now take ………. «rogue trader» cover to protect themselves

………. the unauthorized activities of their employees.

5.A whiskey distiller insured his nose ………. £ 200,000, while a famous food critic took ………. a policy insuring his taste buds ………. permanent damage.

Activity 5. Use the vocabulary list and translate the following sentences into English.

1)управление риском – процедура уменьшения различного рода рисков, с которыми банк или инвестор сталкивается в своей деятельно-

сти с помощью хеджирования, страхования и т.п.; 2) хеджирование – термин, используемый в банковской, биржевой

икоммерческой практике для обозначения различных методов страхования валютного риска;

3)хедж – (фин.) срочный контракт, который служит для страховки от рисков неблагоприятного изменения цен;

4)срочный контракт, контракт на определенный срок – контракт, заключенный на определенный срок и не содержащий обязательства продлить или перезаключить контракт по истечении этого срока;

5)страховая компания, страховое общество, страховщик – организация, осуществляющая страховую деятельность;

6)страхователь – лицо, заключающее договор со страховой организа- цией-страховщиком;

7)коммерческая недвижимость, коммерческая собственность – объекты нежилой недвижимости, которые могут приносить доход и предназначены для деловых целей (например, офисные здания, рестораны, гостиницы, магазины, склады и т.п.);

8)профессиональное заболевание – любое состояние организма, характеризующееся нарушениями в его функционировании, не связанное с производственной травмой, а вызванное воздействием факторов рабочей среды (например загазованностью); включает острые респираторные заболевания, пищевые отравления и т.д.;

9)выгодоприобретатель – лицо, в пользу которого заключен договор страхования (при этом договор заключается между страхователем

истраховщиком);

10)перестрахование – передача принятого на себя риска или части риска другому страховщику.

Activity 6. Translate the following text into Russian.

Any risk that can be quantified can potentially be insured. Specific

Карташова А.В. «Перевод в сфере делового общения». Учебное пособие, 2010 год

kinds of risk that may give rise to claims are known as «perils». An insurance policy will set out in detail which perils are covered by the policy and which are not. Below are (non-exhaustive) lists of the many different types of insurance that exist.

AUTO INSURANCE

Auto insurance protects you against financial loss if you have an accident. It is a contract between you and the insurance company. You agree to pay the premium and the insurance company agrees to pay your losses as defined in your policy. Auto insurance provides property, liability and medical coverage:

1.Property coverage pays for damage to or theft of your car.

2.Liability coverage pays for your legal responsibility to others for bodily injury or property damage.

3.Medical coverage pays for the cost of treating injuries, rehabilitation and sometimes lost wages and funeral expenses.

An auto insurance policy comprises six kinds of coverage. Most countries require you to buy some, but not all, of these coverages. If you're financing a car, your lender may also have requirements. Most auto policies are for six months to a year.

HOME INSURANCE

Home insurance provides compensation for damage or destruction of a home from disasters. In some geographical areas, the standard insurances excludes certain types of disasters, such as flood and earthquakes, that require additional coverage. Maintenance-related problems are the homeowners' responsibility. The policy may include inventory, or this can be bought as a separate policy, especially for people who rent housing. In some countries, insurers offer a package which may include liability and legal responsibility for injuries and property damage caused by members of the household, including pets.

HEALTH INSURANCE

Health insurance policies by the National Health Service in the United Kingdom (NHS) or other publicly-funded health programs will cover the cost of medical treatments. Dental insurance, like medical insurance, is coverage for individuals to protect them against dental costs. In the U.S., dental insurance is often part of an employer's benefits package, along with health insurance.

ACCIDENT, SICKNESS AND UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE

Disability insurance policies provide financial support in the event the policyholder is unable to work because of disabling illness or injury. It provides monthly support to help pay such obligations as mortgages and credit