- перевод в СДО / перевод в СДО posobie
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Карташова А.В. «Перевод в сфере делового общения». Учебное пособие, 2010 год
forces.
Industries use a range of inputs, such as capital, technology, natural resources, labor, and management, to produce goods and services. In order to manufacture products, money is needed to purchase buildings, equipment, and machinery and to pay workers. This money is called finance capital. Buildings, machinery, and other equipment are referred to as physical capital.
Physical capital, natural resources, and labor (workers considered as a group) are combined to yield the final product, which is sold for money. The amount of money received that exceeds the cost of producing the good is called profit. Profit can be used to pay for another cycle of production. When profits are used to hire more labor and purchase additional physical capital, production expands and industrial growth occurs.
PRACTICE ACTIVITIES
Activity 1. Give the Russian equivalents to the following words and expressions used in the text.
1) |
private business |
16) |
raw natural resources |
2) |
government-operated corporation |
17) |
commercial fishing |
3) |
to produce goods or services |
18) |
mineral deposit |
4) |
physical goods |
19) |
to assemble a product |
5) |
lumber |
20) |
manufacturing industries |
6) |
steel |
21) |
a vast array of |
7) |
textiles |
22) |
durable goods |
8) |
major input |
23) |
nondurable goods |
9) |
final product |
24) |
to provide services |
10) |
producer good |
25) |
to purchase |
11) |
construction materials |
26) |
finance capital |
12) |
consumer goods |
27) |
physical capital |
13) |
primary industry |
28) |
to yield the final product |
14) |
secondary industry |
29) |
cycle of production |
15) |
tertiary industry |
30) |
industrial growth |
Activity 2. Match the descriptions with an industry. This symbol (~) substitutes the name of the industry.
1) This industry includes the global processes of explora- a) Agriculture tion, extraction, refining, transporting (often by oil tankers and
pipelines), and marketing products. The largest volume products of the industry are fuel oil and gasoline (petrol). The American ~
Карташова А.В. «Перевод в сфере делового общения». Учебное пособие, 2010 год
Institute divides this industry into five sectors. 1) Upstream, the |
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term commonly used to refer to the searching for and the recov- |
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ery and production of crude oil and natural gas. The upstream oil |
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sector is also known as the exploration and production (E&P) |
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sector. 2) Downstream is a term commonly used to refer to the |
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refining of crude oil, and the selling and distribution of natural |
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gas and products derived from crude oil. Such products include |
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liquified petroleum gas (LPG), gasoline or petrol, jet fuel, diesel |
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oil, other fuel oils and asphalt. The downstream sector includes |
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oil refineries, petrochemical plants, petroleum product distribu- |
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tion, retail outlets and natural gas distribution companies. |
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3) Pipeline is the transportation of goods through a pipe. Most |
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commonly, liquid and gases are sent, but pneumatic tubes that |
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transport solid capsules using compressed air have also been |
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used. As for gases and liquids, any chemically stable substance |
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can be sent through a pipeline. 4) Marine, 5) Service and Supply. |
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2) It is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geo- |
b) Communi- |
logical materials from the earth, usually from an ore body, vein |
cation |
or (coal) seam. Materials recovered by mining include base |
Services |
metals, precious metals, iron, uranium, coal, diamonds, lime- |
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stone, oil shale, rock salt and potash. Any material that cannot |
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be grown through agricultural processes, or created artificially |
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in a laboratory or factory, is usually extracted. ~ in a wider |
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sense comprises extraction of any non-renewable resource |
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(e.g., petroleum, natural gas, or even water). ~ techniques can |
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be divided into two common excavation types: surface ~ and |
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sub-surface (underground) ~. ~ targets are divided into two |
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general categories of materials: placer deposits, consisting of |
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valuable minerals contained within river gravels, beach sands, |
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and other unconsolidated materials; and lode deposits, where |
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valuable minerals are found in veins, in layers, or in mineral |
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grains generally distributed throughout a mass of actual rock. |
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Both types of ore deposit, placer or lode, are mined by both |
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surface and underground methods. |
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3) It is an engineering discipline comprising the produc- |
c) Construc- |
tion of forest products, such as pulp and paper, construction |
tion |
materials, and tall oil. Paper engineering is a subfield of this |
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industry. Typical products in this industry are the following: 1) |
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from pulp, a dry fibrous material prepared by chemically or |
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mechanically separating fibers from wood, fiber crops or waste |
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paper: craftliner, cellulose paper; 2) as engineered wood, also |
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called composite wood, man-made wood, includes a range of |
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Карташова А.В. «Перевод в сфере делового общения». Учебное пособие, 2010 год
derivative wood products which are manufactured by binding |
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together the strands, particles, fibers, or veneers of wood, to- |
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gether with adhesives, to form composite materials such as |
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plywood, MDF or Oriented strand board; 3) as chemicals, |
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which are materials with a specific chemical composition: tar, |
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tall oil, wood fuel, phenoles, pinenes, pine soap; 4) as timber |
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which is wood that is used in any of its stages from felling |
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through readiness for use as structural material for construc- |
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tion, or wood pulp for paper production; 5) of residuals from |
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timber processing or as first step of mass processing: wood |
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chips, bark chips, wood pellets, wood shavings. |
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4) This industry comprises 1) the assisted transmission of |
d) Electricity, |
signals over a distance which typically involves the use of elec- |
Gas & |
tronic devices such as the telephone, television, radio or com- |
Water |
puter; 2) mail, or post, a method for transmitting information |
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and tangible objects, wherein written documents, typically en- |
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closed in envelopes, and also small packages, are delivered to |
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destinations around the world. In some countries, the postal |
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system also has some authority over telephone and telegraph |
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systems. In others, postal systems allow for savings accounts |
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and handling applications for passports. A basic ~ system con- |
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sists of three elements: a transmitter that takes information and |
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converts it to a signal; a transmission medium that carries the |
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signal; and, a receiver that receives the signal and converts it |
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back into usable information. For example, in a radio broadcast |
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the broadcast tower is the transmitter, free space is the trans- |
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mission medium and the radio is the receiver. Often ~ systems |
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are two-way with a single device acting as both a transmitter |
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and receiver or transceiver. For example, a mobile phone is a |
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transceiver. ~ over a telephone line is called point-to-point |
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communication because it is between one transmitter and one |
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receiver. ~ through radio broadcasts is called broadcast com- |
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munication because it is between one powerful transmitter and |
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numerous receivers. |
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5) It is the use of machines, tools and labor to make |
e) Wood |
things for use or sale. The term may refer to a range of human |
processing |
activity, from handicraft to high tech, but is most commonly |
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applied to industrial production, in which raw materials are |
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transformed into finished goods on a large scale. Such finished |
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goods may be used for manufacturing other, more complex |
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products, such as household appliances or automobiles, or sold |
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to wholesalers, who in turn sell them to retailers, who then sell |
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them to end users – the «consumers». ~ takes turns under all |
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Карташова А.В. «Перевод в сфере делового общения». Учебное пособие, 2010 год
types of economic systems. In a free market economy, ~ is usually directed toward the mass production of products for sale to consumers at a profit. In a collectivist economy, ~ is more frequently directed by the state to supply a centrally planned economy. In free market economies, ~ occurs under some degree of government regulation. Modern ~ includes all intermediate processes required for the production and integration of a product's components. Some industries, such as semiconductor and steel manufacturers use the term fabrication instead. The ~ sector is closely connected with engineering and industrial design.
6) Its main sphere of activity is travel for recreational or f) Manufacturleisure purposes. It is vital for many countries, such as the ing
U.A.E, Egypt, Greece and Thailand, and many island nations, such as The Bahamas, Fiji, Maldives and the Seychelles, due to the large intake of money for businesses with their goods and services and the opportunity for employment in the service industries associated with ~. These service industries include transportation services, such as airlines, cruise ships and taxis, hospitality services, such as accommodations, including hotels and resorts, and entertainment venues, such as amusement parks, casinos, shopping malls, the various music venues and the theatre. The United Nations classified three forms of ~ : Domestic ~, which involves residents of the given country traveling only within this country; Inbound ~, involving nonresidents traveling in the given country; and Outbound ~, involving residents traveling in another country.
7)It refers to the production of food and goods through g) Mining farming; encompasses a wide variety of specialties. Cultivation
of crops on arable land and the pastoral herding of livestock on rangeland remain at the foundation of it; in the past century a distinction has been made between sustainable ~ (e.g. organic ~) and intensive farming (e.g. industrial ~). The major products of this branch can be broadly grouped into foods, fibers, fuels, raw materials, pharmaceuticals and illegal drugs, and an assortment of ornamental or exotic products. Specific foods include cereals, vegetables, fruits, and meat. Fibers include cotton, wool, hemp, silk and flax. Raw materials include lumber and bamboo. Drugs include tobacco, alcohol, opium, cocaine, and digitalis. Other useful materials are produced by plants, such as resins. Biofuels include methane from biomass, ethanol, and biodiesel.
8)This industry deals with the basic physical and organ- h) Tourism
Карташова А.В. «Перевод в сфере делового общения». Учебное пособие, 2010 год
izational structures needed for the operation of a society or en- |
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terprise, or the services and facilities necessary for an economy |
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to function. The field of its activity typically refers to the tech- |
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nical structures that support a society, such as water supply, |
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sewers, power grids, and so forth. Viewed functionally, the in- |
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dustry facilitates the production of goods and services. The en- |
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terprises that are mainly engaged in this activity are called pub- |
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lic utilities. Public utilities can be privately owned or publicly |
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owned. Publicly owned utilities include cooperative and mu- |
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nicipal utilities. Municipal utilities may actually include territo- |
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ries outside of city limits or may not even serve the entire city. |
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Cooperative utilities are owned by the customers they serve. |
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They are usually found in rural areas. |
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9) In the fields of architecture and civil engineering, it is a |
i) Natural Gas |
process that consists of the building or assembling of infra- |
& Petro- |
structure. Far from being a single activity, large scale ~ is a |
leum |
feat of multitasking. Normally the job is managed by the pro- |
Industry |
ject manager and supervised by the ~ manager, design engi- |
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neer, ~ engineer or project architect. In general, there are three |
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types of ~: building ~, heavy/civil ~, industrial ~. For the suc- |
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cessful execution of a project, effective planning is essential. |
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Those involved with the design and execution of the infrastruc- |
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ture in question must consider the environmental impact of the |
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job, the successful scheduling, budgeting, site safety, availabil- |
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ity of materials, logistics, inconvenience to the public caused |
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by ~ delays, preparing tender documents, etc. |
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Карташова А.В. «Перевод в сфере делового общения». Учебное пособие, 2010 год
4. SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES (SEZS)
Considering the need to enhance foreign investment and promote exports from the country for the domestic enterprises and manufacturers to be competitive globally, the government had in April 2000 announced the introduction of Special Economic Zones policy in the country, deemed to be foreign territory for the purposes of trade operations, duties and tariffs.
SEZs when operational are expected to offer high quality infrastructure facilities and support services, besides allowing for the duty free import of capital goods and raw materials. Additionally, attractive fiscal incentives and simpler customs, banking and other procedures are offered in such zones. Setting up of SEZs is also treated as an infrastructure development activity and offered same incentives.
Salient features of the Indian SEZ initiative include:
•Unlike most of the international instances where zones are primarily developed by Governments, the Indian SEZ policy provides for development of these zones in the government, private or joint sector. This offers equal opportunity to both Indian and international private developers.
•For greenfield SEZs, the Government has specified a minimum preferable area of 1,000 hectares. However, for sector specific SEZs, there is no restriction of minimum area.
•100 per cent FDI is permitted for all investments in SEZs, except for activities under the negative list.
•SEZ units are required to be positive net foreign exchange earners and are not subject to any minimum value addition norms or export obligations.
•Goods flow into the SEZ area from Domestic Tariff Area (DTA) will be treated as exports and goods coming from the SEZ area into DTA are treated as imports.
Currently, a number of SEZ projects are coming up in the country. The government has given a go-ahead for around 17 SEZs to be set up in the private sector or the joint sector. Some of the projects are in advanced stages of planning and development, while the others are preparing to get off the ground.
INCENTIVES AND BENEFITS
Besides providing state-of-the-art infrastructure and access to a large well-trained and skilled work force, the SEZ policy also provides enterprises and developers with a favourable and attractive framework of incentives:
• 100 % income tax exemption for a block of five years and an additional 50 % tax exemption for two years thereafter.
Карташова А.В. «Перевод в сфере делового общения». Учебное пособие, 2010 год
•External commercial borrowings by SEZ units up to US$500 million in a year without any maturity restrictions through recognized banking channels.
•Facility to retain 100 % foreign exchange receipts in Exchange Earners’ Foreign Currency Account.
•100 % FDI permitted to SEZ franchisee in providing basic telephone services in SEZs.
•No cap on foreign investment for small scale sector reserved items.
•Exemption from industrial licensing requirements for items reserved for the SSI sector.
•No import license requirements.
•Exemption from customs duties on import of capital goods, raw materials, consumables, spares, etc.
•Exemption from Central Excise duties on procurement of capital goods, raw materials, consumable spares, etc. from the domestic market.
•No routine examinations by Customs for export and import cargo.
•Facility to realize and repatriate export proceeds within 12 months.
•Profits allowed to be repatriated without any dividend-balancing requirement.
•Job work on behalf of domestic exporters for direct export allowed.
•Subcontracting both domestic and international is permitted; this facility is available to jewellery units as well.
•Exemption from Central Sales Tax and Service Tax.
•Facilities to set up off-shore banking units in SEZs.
INCENTIVES TO DEVELOPERS
•Exemption from duties on import/procurement of goods for the development, operation and maintenance of SEZ.
•Income tax exemption for a block of 10 years in 15 years.
•Exemption from Service Tax.
•FDI to develop townships within SEZs with residential, educational, health care and recreational facilities permitted on a case-to-case basis.
PRACTICE ACTIVITIES
Activity 1. Give the Russian equivalents to the following words and expressions used in the text.
1) |
SEZ |
14) net foreign exchange |
2) |
to enhance foreign investment |
15) value addition |
Карташова А.В. «Перевод в сфере делового общения». Учебное пособие, 2010 год
3) |
to promote exports |
16) |
well-trained and skilled work |
4) |
trade operations |
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force |
5) |
duties and tariffs |
17) |
income tax exemption |
6) |
infrastructure facilities |
18) |
external commercial borrowing |
7) |
support services |
19) |
maturity restriction |
8) |
duty free import of capital goods |
20) |
FDI |
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and raw materials |
21) |
small scale sector |
9) |
fiscal incentives |
22) |
import license |
10) simpler customs procedures |
23) procurement |
||
11) private sector |
24) |
export/import cargo |
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12) joint sector |
25) |
subcontracting |
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13) greenfield |
26) |
to set up off-shore banking units |
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27) operation and maintenance |
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Activity 2. Translate the text below into English and pay your special attention to the underlined words.
В ходе XI томского инновационного Форума в ряды резидентов технико-внедренческой зоны было принято 12 новых компаний – все, кто выказал желание участвовать в конкурсе. По словам руководителя Федерального агентства по управлению ОЭЗ Андрея Алпатова, на совете шел жаркий спор по каждому участнику. Однако приняли в резиденты ОЭЗ все томские предприятия.
Если подсчитать в сумме, то новички-резиденты заявили проекты, которые потребуют от них инвестиций в размере двух миллиардов рублей. В общей сложности они обещают простроить на двух площадках ТВЗ в Томске порядка 47 тыс. кв. м производственных и офисных помещений. Руководство агентства по ОЭЗ рассчитывает, что эти компании будут выпускать высокотехнологичную продукцию аж на 3 млрд руб. в год.
•Направления деятельности принятых в резиденты компаний разные, – рассказал на встрече с журналистами в рамках томского инновационного форума Андрей Алпатов, – от технологии получения керамических и нанокерамических материалов, опытного производства современных полимерных композиций и производства нелинейных оптических кристаллов до разработки методов мониторинга земной коры и новых программных продуктов.
По его словам, сейчас сложность не в том, чтобы отобрать хороший проект, а в том, чтобы отобрать проект, который будет подкреплен деньгами. Он признал, что экономический кризис может лишить резидентов доступа к кредитным деньгам, а значит, затормозить развитие ОЭЗ.
•Я лично проверяю источники финансирования. Как правило, это собственные средства потенциальных резидентов, но есть и кредиты, – продолжил рассказ Андрей Алпатов. – В Томске мы тоже проверили тех
Карташова А.В. «Перевод в сфере делового общения». Учебное пособие, 2010 год
резидентов, кто собирается кредитоваться в банках, интересовались, насколько велика вероятность не получить заемных средств. Но все кандидаты показали официальные соглашения с банками о том, что проекты будут обеспечены инвестициями.
При этом Алпатов не исключает, что через 1,5–2 года полномочия по отбору кандидатов в резиденты могут перейти в руки территориальных агентств, то есть в нашем случае – к совету Томского территориального агентства по управлению ОЭЗ во главе с Владимиром Прецем. В федеральном центре считают, что процесс принятия резидентов уже становится на поток, поэтому не требует персонального контроля главы министерства, как это было на первых конкурсах резидентов. По словам главы РосОЭЗ, на местах лучше знакомы с проектами, которые предлагают будущие резиденты.
•Мы больше вопросов задаем по инфраструктуре. Например, два томских кандидата в бизнес-плане в этот раз заявили, что они планируют
вперспективе отправлять товары, используя железную дорогу, – говорит Андрей Алпатов. – Но мы им объясняем, что, по нашим планам, железную дорогу к Томской ТВЗ строить не будем. Глаза открываем, а то потом нам же и предъявят претензию, что они в своем плане закладывали ветку, аее нет.
На инновационном Форуме в Томске также была озвучена идея создания в России агропромышленных особых экономических зон. Андрей Алпатов обмолвился, что Федеральное агентство по управлению особыми экономическими зонами и Министерство сельского хозяйства РФ изучают сейчас такую возможность.
•Например, возможно создание особой зоны для глубокой переработки сельхозпродукции, что потянет за собой и развитие в этом регионе того же животноводства, – пояснил свою позицию глава РосОЭЗ. По его словам, уже в ближайшее время стоит ожидать постановления Правительства РФ о создании в стране трех портовых ОЭЗ – аэропорты в Ульяновске и Красноярске и морской порт в пункте «Советская гавань» (Хабаровский край). При этом он опроверг любую возможность создания в России финансовых особых экономических зон (фактически оффшорных зон – автор). «Не для этого зоны создаются», – сказал Алпатов.
Карташова А.В. «Перевод в сфере делового общения». Учебное пособие, 2010 год
5. ECONOMIC POLICY. MACROECONOMICS
Economic policy refers to the actions that governments take in the economic field. It covers the systems for setting interest rates and government budget as well as the labour market, national ownership, and many other areas of government interventions into the economy.
Such policies are often influenced by international institutions like the International Monetary Fund or World Bank as well as political beliefs and the consequent policies of parties.
TYPES OF ECONOMIC POLICY
Almost any aspect of government has an economic aspect and so many terms are used. A few examples of types of economic policy include:
•Macroeconomic stabilization policy tries to keep the money supply growing, but not so quick that it results in excessive inflation.
•Trade policy refers to tariffs, trade agreements and the international institutions that govern them.
•Policies designed to create economic growth.
•Policies related to development economics, redistribution of income, property, or wealth, regulation, anti-trust.
•Industrial policy.
MACROECONOMICS
Macroeconomics is a branch of economics that deals with the performance, structure, and behavior of a national or regional economy as a whole. Along with microeconomics, macroeconomics is one of the two most general fields in economics. It is the study of the behavior and decisionmaking of entire economies. Macroeconomists study aggregated indicators such as GDP, unemployment rates, and price indices to understand how the whole economy functions. Macroeconomists develop models that explain the relationship between such factors as national income, output, consumption, unemployment, inflation, savings, investment, international trade and international finance.
While macroeconomics is a broad field of study, there are two areas of research that are emblematic of the discipline: the attempt to understand the causes and consequences of short-run fluctuations in national income (the business cycle), and the attempt to understand the determinants of long-run economic growth (increases in national income).