The Past Perfect Tense.

	had + VIII (-ed)
отрицание:	had not VIII (-ed)
вопрос:	Had … VIII (-ed)?
Употребляется для выражения действия: 1). которое произошло раньше другого действия; 2). которое закончилось к определённому моменту.

Ex. 1. Make up a complex sentence combining two simple sentences.

► Pattern: The children went to bed. They did their lessons.

The children went to bed after they had done their lessons.

1. She wrote a very good article. She studied the problem thoroughly.

2. The train started. He kissed her tenderly and wished good luck.

3. The sun rose. The party made for the top of the mountain.

4. She learned the poem by heart. She listened to the record many times.

5. He spent a few years in the Far East. He settled down in his native town.

6. She fell ill. They moved to Siberia.

7. We packed our things. The taxi arrived.

8. The bell rang. The children ran out of the classroom.

Ex. 2. Jane arrived late at different places yesterday. What had happened when she arrived at each place?

► Pattern: When she arrived at the station her train had already left.

1	the station	her train /already /leave
2	the theatre	the play /already /start
3	the post-office	it /already /close
4	the dress shop	they /sell /the dress she wanted to buy
5	Jack`s house	he /go out
6	the tennis court	the game /nearly /finish
7	the cafe	her friend /just /leave
8	the University	her classes /already /begin

The Present Perfect Continuous Tense.

I	have	been Ving	have not	been Ving	Have	I	been Ving
you						you
we						we
they						they
he	has		has not		Has	he
she						she
it						it
Употребляется для выражения действия, которое началось в прошлом, продолжалось какое-то время, закончилось или продолжается в момент речи. since – с какого-то времени for – какое-то время

Ex. 1. You have to say how long something has been happening.

► Pattern: It is snowing. It began snowing two hours ago.

It has been snowing for two hours.

1. Jane is reading. She began reading an hour ago. She … for an hour.

2. My sister is knitting a new sweater. She started knitting it a month ago. She … for a month.

3. Sam is studying German. He started studying it two years ago. He … for two years.

4. My friend is working at his report. He began working at it in the morning. He … since morning.

5. Mary is looking for a job. She began looking for it in December. She … since December.

6. George smokes much. He started smoking ten years ago. He … for ten years.

Ex. 2. Read the sentences and add a sentence with the Present perfect Continuous.

► Pattern: Tom is out of breath. (he /run)

He has been running.

1. We are tired. (we /work /hard)

2. You look unhappy. (you /cry)

3. John`s clothes are dirty. (he /clean /his car)

4. The children are hot and excited. (they /play football)

5. Tom`s skin is red. (he /sunbathe /for hours)

6. Ann`s hands are in ink. (she /write /letters)

7. My sweater is threadbare. (I /wear it /for many years)

8. He knows every street in this town. (he /live there /for many years)

Ex. 3. Put the verb in brackets into the Present Continuous, Present Perfect and Present Perfect Continuous.

1. – What you (write) now?

– I (write) my composition. I (write) it since morning and I (not finish) it yet.

– I (finish) mine.

2. – Where (be) John?

– He (work) in the garden.

– He must be too tired. He (work) there since 9 o`clock.

3. – Who you (wait) for?

– I (wait) for Jack. I (wait) for him for two hours.

4. – What you (think) of?

– I (think) of your journey.

– You (think) of it long?

5. – They (stand) there for the last twenty minutes.

– What they (talk) about all this time?