14-es / Анг.яз / умк_Клос_Шикова_Англ. для начинающих

pounds which are commonly used in chemical work. Among these are sulphuric, nitric, and hydrochloric acids alum, soda, ammonium chloride, niter, and compounds of mercury, arsenic and antimony. But selfish and utilitarian motive which guided the alchemists could not lead to the development of a science.

Chemistry was born as a science only at that time when there appeared a desire of a man to learn the truth about the wonders of the nature.

The Exercises to Do After Reading the Text

1. Get ready to answer the following questions:

1.What substances were known to the ancient people? 2. When was glass invented? 3. What chemical processes did alchemists use? 4. What did alchemists want to get? 5. When was chemistry born as a science?

2.Fill in the blanks with prepositions:

The discovery ... the gas oxygen marks the beginning ... chemistry as a science. This element takes part ... many phenomena observed ... nature. It plays an important part ... combustion. Oxygen is essential ... every part ... our body. Oxygen forms compounds ... nearly all ... the known elements.

3.Find the examples of the Passive voice forms given in the text.

4.Make the sentences interrogative and give short answers:

1. The state of substances depends only on the temperature and pressure. 2. All gases in nature can be made to change state. 3. All scientists are concerned with matter in its various forms. 4. Progress in steam-boiler development has been rapid. 5. Many human activities played a part in scientific inventions.

5. Translate into Russian paying attention to different meanings of the word that:

1. It is very difficult to give a definition of science that will be as broad as we should like. 2. The atoms in metals are packed so closely that it is comparatively easy for outer electrons to pass from one atom to another if a small force is applied to them. 3. Suppose that we thoroughly mix sulphur and iron. 4. That was an important discovery. 5. It was periodic table of elements that D. Mendeleyev discovered in 1869. 6. Semiconductor is often defined as an electric conductor that has a conductivity intermediate between that of an insulator and that of a

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metal. 7. A distinctive feature of semiconductors is that they possess negative temperature coefficient of resistance in some range of temperature.

6. Get ready to retell the text.

УЭ 4 COMPONENTS OF THE AUTOMOBILE

I. Grammar Practice.

1. Fill in the missing forms of the given irregular verbs and translate them.

2. Find the predicate in the sentences and define its grammar tense and voice.

a) First steam-driven carriages were built and tried before 1763 and 1769. b) Glass has been known for over 3,000 years.

c) Ann will help you.

d) Aluminium is sometimes called aluminum.

e) Compounds of aluminum have been known for many years.

3. Put the sentences into the negative form.

a)Pure metals are widely used.

b)The magnet attracts the iron dust.

c)Rudolf Diesel carried out all experimental work with liquid fuel.

d)The piston has completed the stroke.

e)This film will be shown tomorrow.

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4. Put the questions to the given sentences as recommended.

a)The piston moves down. ( alternative, special, disjunctive)

b)The Earth’s crust is about 30 miles thick. ( general, special, disjunctive)

c)Now Peter is going to Warsaw by train. (alternative, special, disjunctive)

d)Samantha was driven to school by her mother. (general, special)

COMPONENTS OF THE AUTOMOBILE

II. Prepared Oral Speech Practice.

1. Read out and memorize the new words:

2. Read the international words and give their Russian equivalents: machine, complex, logical, activity, apparatus, metre, privilege, signal, paradox, element, component, mobile, sort.

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3. Translate the following stone-wall constructions into Russian:

1.design improvement

2.automobile engine

3.compression-ignition engine

4.passenger cars safety

5.eight-cylinder automobile engine

6.piston movement

7.petrol engine operation

8.disc type brake

9.internal combustion engine

10.land transportation

4. Translate the following word-combinations into Russian:

Main types of the automobiles; as a rule; various designs; to be propelled by an internal combustion engine; to distinguish by the horse-power of the engine; a four-stroke cycle; to ignite the fuel-air mixture; injection pump; to assist both the intake and exhaust processes; to complete the cycle within one revolution.

5. Define the part of speech the underlined words belong to, find the appropriate meaning of these words in the dictionary and translate the sentences:

1.change

1.His face has completely changed.

2.The piston changes the direction of motion.

3.We haven’t expected so many changes here!

2.heat

1.How do they heat their house?

2.The impossible heat gave the plants in his garden no chance.

3.The hot cylinder heat is distributed without difficulty.

3.manual

1.The publishing house issues textbooks and manuals.

2.Automation makes manual labour unnecessary.

3.The spaceship has both automatic and manual control.

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4.substitute

1.The mechanic recommended him to substitute the mineral oil for the synthetic one.

2.Plastics are found to be reliable substitutes for many natural substances.

3.An effort was made to find a cheap substitute for the material.

5.shock

1.The giant wave shocked the port structures.

2.Measures are taken to absorb the shock.

3.The earthquake shock was sudden.

6.Read the text attentively and translate it into Russian:

COMPONENTS OF THE AUTOMOBILE

Automobiles are trackless, self-propelled vehicles for land transportation of people or goods, or for moving materials. There are three main types of automobiles. These are passenger cars, buses and lorries (trucks). The automobile consists of the following components: a) the engine; b) the framework; c) the mechanism that transmits the power from engine to the wheels; d) the body.

Passenger cars are, as a rule, propelled by an internal combustion engine. They are distinguished by the horse-power of the engine, the number of cylinders in the engine and the type of the body, the type of transmission, wheelbase, weight and overall length.

There are engines of various designs. They differ in the number of cylinders, their position, their operating cycle, valve mechanism, ignition and cooling system.

Most automobile engines have six or eight cylinders, although some four-, twelve-, and sixteen-cylinder engines are used. The activities that take place in the engine cylinder can be divided into four stages which are called strokes. The four strokes are: intake, compression, power and exhaust.

7. Answer the questions based on the content of the text; giving full answers to them:

1. How can you define what an automobile is?

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2.What are automobiles mostly used for?

3.There are three main types of automobiles, aren’t there?

4.It’s interesting to know what components every car consists of.

5.What type of an engine is usually employed to propel passenger cars?

6.In what way are the engines distinguished by?

7.How many strokes are the activities in the engine cylinder divided into?

8.Get ready to retell the text.

УЭ 5

HISTORY OF BUILDING MATERIALS

I. Grammar Practice.

1. Fill in the missing forms of the given irregular verbs and translate them.

2. Find the predicate in the sentences and define its grammar tense and voice.

a)The student was asked many questions at the examination.

b)Jeremy rings me very often.

c)We have already written several letters to her.

d)He won’t do his work in time.

e)These techniques aren’t widely used.

3. Put the sentences into the negative form.

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a)She let them go.

b)Those students come from China.

c)They’ve quickly changed the subject of the conversation.

d)He will win the first place.

e)The newspapers are sold in this shop.

4. Put the questions to the given sentences as recommended.

a)Copper was used in prehistoric times. ( alternative, special, disjunctive)

b)The chemical reactions didn’t occur in the furnace. ( general, special, disjunctive)

c)The system has got two batteries. (alternative, special, disjunctive)

d)Sports companies are trying to develop new sportswear. (general, special)

HISTORY OF BUILDING MATERIALS

II. Prepared Oral Speech Practice.

1.Translate the words from the text, learn to read them out and try to memorize them:

Read the text attentively and translate it into Russian:

All the buildings erected nowadays are of two main types: they are intended either for housing or industrial purposes.

The main building materials are timber, stone (brick), concrete, steel, light metals, glass and plastics. Timber was one of the first materials used by

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people for constructional purposes. Timber is unique among the materials for construction. It will be available when the earth's capital deposits of iron, coal, clay and the rest have been consumed.

The buildings made of stone or brick are durable and fire-proof, they have poor heat conductivity.

Concrete made with natural hydraulic binders was used in antiquity, particularly by the Romans. After the decline of the Roman Empire the art of making concrete has been forgotten, and the revival came much later.

Portland cement was produced more than a century ago. From the time of its first production there was a steady and gradual improvement in its compressive strength.

Reinforced concrete is hardly 100 years old, but its practical application in building began only 90 years ago. Today reinforced concrete is used in all civilized countries as one of the most important building materials. One of the essential properties of concrete is its compressive strength.

The Exercises to do after the text

I.Get ready to answer the following questions:

1. What are buildings intended for? 2. What are the main building materials? 3. When was Portland cement produced? 4. When was concrete first used? 5. What are the earth's capital deposits?

II.Translate into Russian paying attention to the word one:

1.To determine the density of a body one must know its mass and its volume.

2.Ductile materials have greater strength than brittle ones. 3. Copper is one of the metals used in the prehistoric times.

III. Use the following sentences in all the forms and tenses adding suitable adverbial modifiers where necessary:

1. People employ glass for many purposes. 2. Iron is widely used as a building material.

IV. Get ready to retell the text.

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УЭ 6 MACHINE-TOOLS

I. Grammar Practice.

1. Fill in the missing forms of the given irregular verbs and translate them.

2. Find the predicate in the sentences and define its grammar tense and voice.

a)I’m doing a project on a new bridge.

b)The computers today operate faster.

c)We’ve exchanged emails with British students.

d)I didn’t get my money back last week.

e)Drinking water was provided by a wind pump.

3. Put the sentences into the negative form.

a)They are made of metal.

b)The professor held his lecture last Thursday.

c)I have designed practical products for use in the kitchen.

d)He seldom lied to her.

e)We’ll make bread for supermarkets.

4. Put the questions to the given sentences as recommended.

a)You travel quite a lot in your job. ( alternative, disjunctive)

b)Most car drivers are happy to use public transport. ( general, special, disjunctive)

c)The tree grew in the park. (alternative, special, disjunctive)

d)d)These signals are interpreted by the microprocessor. (general, special)

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MACHINE-TOOLS

II. Prepared Oral Speech Practice.

1. Translate the words from the text, learn to read them out and try to memorize them:

2. Read the text attentively and translate it into Russian:

The machine-tool is the principal manufacturing equipment in a machine shop. It is important in the manufacture of every product from a giant turbine to minute jewels for aircraft instruments.

One of the simplest tools is the ordinary drilling machine. It consists of a spindle which imparts rotary motion to the drilling tool, mechanism for feeding the tool into the work, a table on which the work rests, and a frame. The drilling machines or drill presses are grouped into the following four classes: sensitive, upright, radial and multi-spindle machines.

A milling machine is a machine-tool that removes metal as the workpiece is fed against a rotating cutter.

The lathe is a machine-tool which can perform a wide variety of operations. It is used for turning and boring operations. The lathe is the oldest machine-tool, but it is still widely used. There are many types of lathes that differ in their size, design, method of drive, arrangement of gears and purpose. According to the character of the work they perform, their design and construction, lathes are divided into the following types: bench lathes, chucking lathes and automatic lathes. There are also screw machines, boring mills, crankshaft lathes, wheel lathes, etc.

An engine lathe is shown in Fig. 1.

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