doc_012
.pdf8 16.5 “X”, “Y”, “Z”, “G” “R”. . 6
8, , 8 16.5. , 8 16.5 – % "
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5.% 8 % " . "
, = 8 S 6 8.
6., A " " " A
= 6 8 " - 6 " S N (8. 16.5).
7.% 8 % " " ( 6-
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8 " S 6 " S 8 " " (8. 16.4).
8.+ % " " " %-
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A .
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10.8 .
16.3 ! "". $ . % "!& 4 ! 5'&' *& " "
1..% "-
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6 " ".
17.1 ' &'! (" ( ! "
V " 8 " , -8 A = = ! " $! ,
= "
( " TQM - Total Quality Management).
+ 8 = S ":
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-" 6 ;
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;
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8 A.
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## ! !, ! ! !, ! , $ ! A.
?’ ! :
, 6 8, 8, " -
8, " 8 8, " 8 "-
, " 8 8, -
A.
32
( 8: 8, 8 "-
, -
, 8, "
A.
. 6 # !,
= S 8 6, . 17.1.
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: 8 ", " S ,
, - 8 A.
7 17.1 – . 6
" " -
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, -
8 " . ($ )
8 " 8 .
$ " " , , -
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, 8 = " . ;$#" !-
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= 8,
8 8 .
$ $! =
8. / ! " = -
8’= . ( " =-S 8 8 = " -
.
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33
", – . ; " -
8 = " "8 -
. % " -
" S 8 8 6 8. *
= ", , ", 8,
S 8 8 " 8 =.
# 8
" 8 ", ,
" S 8, - 8 A. C " 6 S = -
! . E , A 8 8
" 8 " 8 "
, A 8 8 = 8 - S, . +,
" " 8 8 " = 8 1 , " 8
8 – 25-30 . -
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/ # = , A -
8 8 (8 8 ) -
" (" ) 8 = . %
" -
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6, A "
S 8 " S 8
" " " ". +-
" " " " = -
t (. e t – . , 1777-1855 .) "- = :
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( x )2 |
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y = |
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2 2 |
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(17.1) |
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– " " ,
, 8 ( );
– " " , , "
8;
– "
" ( );
2 – ;
– " ( ), 8 "
" , 8 ;
l – 6: l =2,718281828459045…
34
t 6 " " " = -
, . 17.2.
y |
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99,73% |
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95,4% |
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68,3% |
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7 17.2. – . " " "
( t)
( ) 8- "
[ 1< < 2] " = " 6:
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p(x) = 2 ydx = |
2 l |
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dx . |
(17.2) |
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x |
2 x |
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Z A " 8 : |
x = + t , |
x1 = + t1 , x2 = + t2 , |
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[1, E. 353],
=:
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( x )2 |
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t2 |
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1 |
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2 2 dx = |
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e |
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2 |
dt = |
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e |
2 |
dt , |
(17.3) |
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2 x |
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2 t |
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t – " .
C " 6 H (% = E H
– 6. , 1749-1827 .) " = e(t):
e(t) = |
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t |
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t2 |
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l |
2 |
dt . |
(17.4) |
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2 0 |
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C8 " = "
8. 7 " ", A 8- " -
0,9973 " [ 3 < x < + 3 ]; "
0,9540 – [ 2 < x < + 2 ]; " -0,6830 – [ < x < + ].
X " =, A A " ± 3
, 6 8 "
35
99,73% 8, 8 ; S 0,27% 8
8 8. Z A " ± 2
, 4 8 " 95,4% 8, 8 ; S 4,6% 8 8-
8. Z A " ± -
, 2 8 " 68,3% 8, 8 , S 31,7% 8
8 8. + . 17.2 " " 8 8,
6 .
+ 8 " 8
. 1, D ! $ # #
, $# ! ( $ ) $# !,
$ $ , # ! $ +. -
8, +, , "
( ), -
8 8 A,
#$# $ ! #$# $# &, $ $# # .
Z A ! $ # $&,
" ( ) X " -
8 ( . 17.3), "
8 8 ". X $&-
& $ $# &, A 8 " 6-
.
y 
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x |
7 17.3 – ,
C = -
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; $ $#" ! ! " =
" 8 8 , " 8 -
, " = , , A
36
8, S D # ! $
D # 8 .
" "
8 = 8:
1.8 .
2.8 8.
3.E 8 8 ".
4." ".
5.A 8.
% "-
" . C " =: 6-
" "; ";
( ) 8; " ( -
" 8) S.
7 " "
, " = # +-
#. S 8 S
" [1, 4, 10].
-
6 " " 8 = -
8:
1- : 8 = 8, = , " = " " .
;$ , D ! # !, # 10 . ; ! #$ =1 " ± 0,5 # !,
# ! # " , D #$# #, D # # " # 9,5 # 10,5 .
2- : " = 8 -
" 6 = " 8.
;$ , ! " # $#
10 # !. !
6 , # ! 17.1.
, 8 17.1 – e " ( )
+ |
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+ 8 |
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1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
1 |
9,65 |
9,85 |
10,15 |
9,9 |
10,20 |
9,95 |
2 |
9,55 |
9,75 |
9,95 |
10,25 |
9,60 |
10,00 |
3 |
9,65 |
10,25 |
9,70 |
10,20 |
9,75 |
9,70 |
4 |
10,00 |
9,75 |
9,60 |
10,30 |
9,90 |
10,40 |
5 |
9,75 |
9,55 |
9,60 |
10,45 |
10,25 |
9,75 |
6 |
9,80 |
9,80 |
10,00 |
10,30 |
10,00 |
9,70 |
7 |
10,35 |
9,65 |
9,70 |
9,80 |
10,40 |
10,25 |
8 |
10,40 |
9,60 |
9,75 |
10,10 |
9,75 |
10,00 |
9 |
10,20 |
9,75 |
10,25 |
10,45 |
9,6 |
9,75 |
10 |
10,25 |
9,7 |
9,75 |
10,45 |
10,00 |
9,80 |
37
Z " 8 17.1, 8 -
, 8 " = ", 8 A
10,5 8 8 S " 9,5 . I A " =, A 8-
=, 8 8 8 .
3- : " = 8 8 ",
8 =:
) " 6 " G -
" 8. V S 8:
y1 = 9,65 + 9,55 + 9,65 +10 + 9,75 + 9,8 +10,35 +10,4 +10,2 +10,25 = 9,96 . 10
I S 8: y2=9,765 , y3=9,845 , y4=10,22
, y5=9,945 , y6=9,93 ;
8) " " Ri " 8 " 8- S S " 8. V S 8-
=:
R1=10,4 - 9,55 = 0,85 ;
S 8:
R2=10,25 - 9,55 = 0,7 ; R3 =10,25 - 9,6 = 0,65 ;
R4=10,45 - 9,8 = 0,65 ; R5=10,4 - 9,6 = 0,8 ; R6=10,4 - 9,7 = 0,7 .
4- : " 6-
" " 8.
! # – " , "
A " = 8, = , A A " 8-
, 8 "’ - 8 .
V 6 " !
# " = " 6:
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Bp = |
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(17.5) |
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n – |
8, S. |
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2! & $#:
38
Bp =10,5 |
1 |
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1 |
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=10,158 |
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V 6 " " !
# + " = " 6:
H p = + + |
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(17.6) |
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n |
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+ – = " , .
2! & $#:
+ p = 9,5 + |
1 |
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1 |
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= 9,842 |
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! # R " " = " 6:
R p = |
d + 3T |
= V , |
(17.7) |
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6 |
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d T – 6 =, " 8 "-
" 6. . " 6 =
8 8 17.2.
, 8 17.2 – 6 = d T
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4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
10 |
8 n |
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d |
2,059 |
2,326 |
2,534 |
2,704 |
2,847 |
2,970 |
3,078 |
T |
0,88 |
0,863 |
0,848 |
0,838 |
0,802 |
0,800 |
0,797 |
V |
0,783 |
0,819 |
0,846 |
0,869 |
0,875 |
0,895 |
0,911 |
V S : R p = 0,911 1= 0,911 .
5- : , + , , + R -
, . 17.4.
6- : 6 " G , " 8, " " Ri - 8 .
% 8 ’ , A A 8 6-
" G " 8 -
+ , " Ri " -
" R , =
, A " 8 " = ,
= .
39
Z A 6 " G 8 -
" + ( " "
+ ,) 8 " R – " -
" R , " =, A 8 A =,
$ ! # ! $ 8
. ] S, = 8-
8 8 . X " . 17.4 -
.
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8 |
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1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
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E 6 |
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=10,5 |
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" |
=10,158 |
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+=10,0 |
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+ =9,842 |
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+ =9,5 |
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7 " |
Rp=0,911 |
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0 |
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7 17.4 – . " |
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6 " " |
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7- : " " " -
.
I " . 17.4 " =, A 8 -
6 " S "
, 8 6 "-
S " .
8 " . •
= ", " 8 " S
" .
8- : " " 8 A-
.
40