doc_012
.pdf, , = ! !
! ,8, 8 , = ,8 , A -
8 " " 8 8.
Z 8 " " A, 8 =
. C " 8 = ! # 8, =
8 S " . ,,
(6 23.4) " , A 8-
8 8 ,
8 :
.-C1-%1-C2-%2-C3-E1-C4-%3-C5-%4-C6-E2-C7-%5-C8-%6-C9-., (23.6)
C – 8.
1 ! " ! # $# , – -
8 8 . , -
" = " 6:
, =  | 
	,  | 
	
  | 
	,  | 
	(23.7)  | 
|
nc + n + no +1  | 
|||||
  | 
	
  | 
	
  | 
|||
n – 8, " -
.
1 ! "$ $# , –
("), 8-
. , " = " 6-
:
, =  | 
	,8  | 
	
  | 
	=  | 
	,  | 
	
  | 
	,  | 
	(23.8)  | 
|
n +1  | 
	n +1  | 
|||||||
  | 
	
  | 
	
  | 
	
  | 
|||||
,8 – 8, ;
n – ("),
8 8.
* ! # R –
8. . "- = 8.
V 8 "
8 " . , & #
-" 1.62 "
200 1000 . V 8 -
11R . "
8 8 8
111
, 1/11 8 -
.
Y ! ! # 8 " -
" " " A
0,6 . . 8 - " , 8 1R .
S " # ! # R
8 8, -
= (" ) 50 .
# ! # R ! 8 -
8, -
= 12,5 .
", ! # -
8- 8 " = -
, = 8. +,
8 ": 12R 8R , 7R 2R A.
1 # ,7 ( - ), 8-
8 $ !, " = " 6:
,7 = (t + nc t + n t + n o t ) R ( ) ,  | 
	(23.9)  | 
t , t , t , t , – " 8 -
, , "
, - ;
n , n , n , – ,
, " ;
R ( ) – (8 -
) 8.
%. V = S 8 t =(0,56…0,6)t , t =(0,18…0,2)t [1, E. 386].
/ # # ,7 ( - -
), 8 8, "- = " 6:
,7 =  | 
	,7  | 
	,  | 
	(23.10)  | 
  | 
|||
  | 
	, ( )  | 
	
  | 
|
, ( ) – ( ).  | 
	
  | 
||
! # ,7"  | 
	( - -  | 
||
), 8 $ ! #! ! #-
, = =, " = " 6:
  | 
	m  | 
	
  | 
,7 "  | 
	= (t + nc t + n t + no t ) R ( )i ,  | 
	(23.11)  | 
=1
112
m – 8;
R ( ) – (8 -
) - 8.
! # # ,7" (
- ), 8 #! ! #, = -
=, " = " 6:
m  | 
	
  | 
,7 " = ,7 (i) ,  | 
	(23.12)  | 
=1
,7 ( ) – 8, 8
8 - , - .
%. Z A 8 8 " " , , # !, -
A, " 6 (23.9…23.12) " , A " " 8 t , t , t , t " $# !
8, . % 8 " " -
8 8
" 8 " -
8 23.1.
, 8 23.1 – + 8
8 , .-
  | 
	E  | 
	
  | 
	] S 8  | 
	
  | 
  | 
	8  | 
	8  | 
	
  | 
	
  | 
%  | 
	0,35  | 
	-  | 
	-  | 
	0,35  | 
  | 
	
  | 
	
  | 
	
  | 
	
  | 
%  | 
	0,4  | 
	-  | 
	-  | 
	0,4  | 
  | 
	
  | 
	
  | 
	
  | 
	
  | 
C  | 
	0,75  | 
	0,1  | 
	-  | 
	0,85  | 
%  | 
	4,0  | 
	2,0  | 
	0.1  | 
	6,1  | 
E  | 
	16,0  | 
	7,0  | 
	0,5  | 
	23,5  | 
.  | 
	23,0  | 
	10,0  | 
	2,0  | 
	35,0  | 
1 # $ # !
,78( ) ( ), 8 -
= $ #! # ! #, " = " 6-
:
,7  | 
	8 (i) =  | 
	e  | 
	
  | 
	R ( ) ,  | 
	(23.13)  | 
|
+ 8 ( )  | 
||||||
  | 
	
  | 
	
  | 
	
  | 
|||
e – 6 6 8 8 ,
; e = 1750…1850 ;
– ";
R ( ) – (8 -
) 8;
113
+8( ) – 8
8.
+ 8 " = +8( ), -
+8( ), " A +8(") S +8(S) 8 -
( . .). %%7 +8( )=1650 . .,
+8( )=500 . ., +8(")=1000 . ., +8(S) = 3390 . . [8, E. 106].
1 # ! ,78 (
), 8 = $
#! # ! #, " = " 6:
,78 = ,78( )+,78( )+,78(")+,78(S),  | 
	(23.14)  | 
,78( ) – 8,
8, .- ;
,78( ) – 8,
8, .- ;
,78(") – " A 8, -
8, .- ;
,78(S) – S 8,
8, .- .
! # $ # !-
,78" ( ) ( ), 8
= $ #! ! #, " = " 6-
:
  | 
	m  | 
	e  | 
	
  | 
	
  | 
|
,7 8"  | 
	(i) =  | 
	R ( )i ,  | 
	(23.15)  | 
||
  | 
|||||
  | 
	=1  | 
	+ 8 ( )  | 
	
  | 
||
m – 8;
R ( ) – (8 -
) - 8.
! # !
,78" ( ), 8 =-
$ #! ! #, " = " 6:
,78" = ,78"  | 
	( ) + ,78"  | 
	( ) + ,78"  | 
	(") + ,78"  | 
	(S) ,  | 
	(23.16)  | 
,78" ( ) – 8 " 8-
, 8, -- ;
,78" ( ) – 8 " 8-
, 8, -
- ;
114
,78" (") – " A 8 " 8-
, 8, -
- ;
,78" (S) – S 8 " 8-
, 8, - -
.
* ! ! . , 8 -
8 8-
8, = =, " = " 6-
:
  | 
	,7  | 
	"  | 
	+ ,7  | 
	"  | 
	
  | 
|
. =  | 
	
  | 
	(c )  | 
	
  | 
	8 ( )  | 
	,  | 
	(23.17)  | 
  | 
	
  | 
	
  | 
	
  | 
|||
  | 
	
  | 
	e .  | 
	
  | 
|||
,7"( ) – " -
8, 8 #! ! #, = -
=, - ; ,78" ( ) – " 8 " 8-
, 8 = $
#! ! #, - ;
. – 6 = , . = 1,02…1,1.
%. I 8 " = -
, " A A, 8 -
8 8 8. * ! E , 8 -
8 " 8 8, =
=, " = " 6:
  | 
	,7  | 
	"  | 
	+ ,7  | 
	"  | 
	
  | 
|
C =  | 
	
  | 
	( )  | 
	
  | 
	8 ( )  | 
	,  | 
	(23.18)  | 
  | 
	
  | 
	
  | 
	
  | 
|||
  | 
	
  | 
	F .  | 
	
  | 
|||
,7"( ) – " -
8, 8 #! ! #, = -
=, - ; ,78" ( ) – " 8 " 8-
, 8 = $
#! ! #, - ;
F – 6 6 8 8 -
, ; F = 1750…1850 .
X $ $#$ $ # ! Q ( ),
8 " 8
8, = =, " = " 6:
115
Q ( ) = " + ( ) [ R + R c + R ],  | 
	(23.19)  | 
" – 6 =, =
8, " =1,12…1,15;
+ ( ) – " -
8, = , / . .;
– 6 =, " = S
; =0,6;
– 6 =, " = S -
; =0,2;
R – 8, - = ; . .;
R c – 8, =
; . .;
R – 8, -
= ; . .
! D $ $#$ # ! Q ,
8 " 8
8, = =, " = " 6:
n  | 
	
  | 
Q = Q ( ) ,  | 
	(23.20)  | 
1  | 
	
  | 
Q ( ) – A 8 = - , ; n – .
! D $ $#$ # ! Q ,
8 " 8
8, = =, 8 " $D
#. X 8 =, A 1 -
, " 8, 10 . ,:
Q =10 E ,  | 
	(23.21)  | 
E – , A " 8
8.
23.2 $ "". $ . % !* " ) " "".
8 23.2 A 44 ( ) ,
. X ; -
R ; , 8 " n , n , n
n , 8 " 8 " " -
116
%%7,
I ( ).
, 8 23.2 – V ( ) ,
+  | 
	
  | 
	.  | 
	.  | 
	I,  | 
|||
-  | 
	( )  | 
	
  | 
	
  | 
	
  | 
	
  | 
	
  | 
|
  | 
	
  | 
	
  | 
	n  | 
	n  | 
	n  | 
	n  | 
	
  | 
  | 
	
  | 
	R  | 
	
  | 
	
  | 
	
  | 
	
  | 
	
  | 
1  | 
	1.62  | 
	11,0  | 
	1  | 
	2  | 
	6  | 
	9  | 
	24000  | 
2  | 
	1.62-  | 
	12,5  | 
	1  | 
	2  | 
	9  | 
	12  | 
	23000  | 
3  | 
	1.62V  | 
	14,5  | 
	1  | 
	2  | 
	12  | 
	15  | 
	22000  | 
4  | 
	1 63  | 
	13,0  | 
	1  | 
	3  | 
	8  | 
	12  | 
	23500  | 
5  | 
	1 63-  | 
	14,0  | 
	1  | 
	3  | 
	12  | 
	16  | 
	22500  | 
6  | 
	1 65  | 
	16,5  | 
	1  | 
	3  | 
	16  | 
	20  | 
	21500  | 
7  | 
	1 42-  | 
	17,5  | 
	1  | 
	2  | 
	6  | 
	9  | 
	22000  | 
8  | 
	1I124  | 
	14,5  | 
	1  | 
	2  | 
	9  | 
	12  | 
	20000  | 
9  | 
	1I136 X  | 
	14,0  | 
	1  | 
	2  | 
	12  | 
	15  | 
	19500  | 
10  | 
	1t140%  | 
	17,5  | 
	1  | 
	3  | 
	8  | 
	12  | 
	24000  | 
11  | 
	1V112  | 
	18,0  | 
	1  | 
	3  | 
	12  | 
	16  | 
	23000  | 
12  | 
	1Y125  | 
	15,5  | 
	1  | 
	3  | 
	16  | 
	20  | 
	22000  | 
13  | 
	1-265+%-8.  | 
	50,0  | 
	1  | 
	4  | 
	10  | 
	15  | 
	23500  | 
14  | 
	1-290+%-6.  | 
	41,0  | 
	1  | 
	4  | 
	15  | 
	20  | 
	22500  | 
15  | 
	6927-1  | 
	12,5  | 
	1  | 
	2  | 
	6  | 
	9  | 
	21500  | 
16  | 
	te2380  | 
	13,0  | 
	1  | 
	2  | 
	9  | 
	12  | 
	22000  | 
17  | 
	6+13X  | 
	14,0  | 
	1  | 
	2  | 
	12  | 
	15  | 
	20000  | 
18  | 
	6,82t-1  | 
	12,5  | 
	1  | 
	3  | 
	8  | 
	12  | 
	19500  | 
19  | 
	6783t  | 
	11,0  | 
	1  | 
	3  | 
	12  | 
	16  | 
	18000  | 
20  | 
	6,83t-1  | 
	11,5  | 
	1  | 
	3  | 
	16  | 
	20  | 
	17500  | 
21  | 
	2E132  | 
	9,5  | 
	1  | 
	2  | 
	6  | 
	9  | 
	17000  | 
22  | 
	2t125  | 
	4,5  | 
	1  | 
	2  | 
	9  | 
	12  | 
	24000  | 
23  | 
	2+135-1  | 
	6,0  | 
	1  | 
	2  | 
	12  | 
	15  | 
	23000  | 
24  | 
	.V-26  | 
	5,5  | 
	1  | 
	3  | 
	8  | 
	12  | 
	22000  | 
25  | 
	2.52  | 
	7,0  | 
	1  | 
	3  | 
	12  | 
	16  | 
	23500  | 
26  | 
	2 55  | 
	20,0  | 
	1  | 
	3  | 
	16  | 
	20  | 
	22500  | 
27  | 
	2I576  | 
	17,5  | 
	1  | 
	4  | 
	10  | 
	15  | 
	21500  | 
28  | 
	3 10  | 
	15,5  | 
	1  | 
	4  | 
	15  | 
	20  | 
	22000  | 
29  | 
	3 10I  | 
	19,5  | 
	1  | 
	2  | 
	6  | 
	9  | 
	20000  | 
30  | 
	3 195  | 
	38,5  | 
	1  | 
	2  | 
	9  | 
	12  | 
	19500  | 
31  | 
	3Y711 -1  | 
	15,0  | 
	1  | 
	2  | 
	12  | 
	15  | 
	18000  | 
32  | 
	3Y711 e-1  | 
	17,5  | 
	1  | 
	3  | 
	8  | 
	12  | 
	18500  | 
33  | 
	3.225  | 
	17,5  | 
	1  | 
	3  | 
	12  | 
	16  | 
	24000  | 
34  | 
	3.225I  | 
	16,5  | 
	1  | 
	3  | 
	16  | 
	20  | 
	23000  | 
35  | 
	3.227  | 
	12,5  | 
	1  | 
	2  | 
	6  | 
	9  | 
	22000  | 
36  | 
	3Y642  | 
	10,0  | 
	1  | 
	2  | 
	9  | 
	12  | 
	23500  | 
37  | 
	3Y642Y  | 
	12,5  | 
	1  | 
	2  | 
	12  | 
	15  | 
	22500  | 
38  | 
	2620  | 
	28,0  | 
	1  | 
	3  | 
	8  | 
	12  | 
	21500  | 
39  | 
	2620t  | 
	18,0  | 
	1  | 
	3  | 
	12  | 
	16  | 
	22000  | 
40  | 
	7-64  | 
	17,5  | 
	1  | 
	3  | 
	16  | 
	20  | 
	20000  | 
41  | 
	7-67  | 
	24,5  | 
	1  | 
	4  | 
	10  | 
	15  | 
	19500  | 
42  | 
	8t662  | 
	16,0  | 
	1  | 
	4  | 
	15  | 
	20  | 
	19000  | 
43  | 
	8t681  | 
	17,5  | 
	1  | 
	2  | 
	12  | 
	15  | 
	18000  | 
44  | 
	8-66  | 
	8,0  | 
	1  | 
	3  | 
	8  | 
	12  | 
	17000  | 
117
8 23.3 A , ( ) -
" 8 8 "
". ; , D " # ! # !
! $ 30 #. C S , A -
%%7.
, 8 23.3 – % "
-  | 
	+ -  | 
	
  | 
	
  | 
	
  | 
	
  | 
	V ,  | 
	
  | 
	,"  | 
	e ,  | 
	F ,  | 
	.  | 
	+  | 
-  | 
	, -  | 
	
  | 
	
  | 
	
  | 
	
  | 
	
  | 
	
  | 
	-  | 
	-  | 
	-  | 
	
  | 
	
  | 
  | 
	-  | 
	
  | 
	
  | 
	
  | 
	
  | 
	
  | 
	
  | 
	
  | 
	
  | 
	
  | 
	
  | 
	
  | 
  | 
	
  | 
	
  | 
	
  | 
	
  | 
	
  | 
	
  | 
	
  | 
	
  | 
	
  | 
	
  | 
	
  | 
	
  | 
1  | 
	1,2,3,4,5  | 
	1  | 
	1  | 
	1  | 
	1  | 
	250  | 
	1  | 
	8  | 
	1750  | 
	1760  | 
	1,1  | 
	14  | 
2  | 
	3,4,5,6,7  | 
	1,3  | 
	0,8  | 
	1  | 
	1,4  | 
	251  | 
	2  | 
	8,1  | 
	1751  | 
	1765  | 
	1,01  | 
	13  | 
3  | 
	5,6,7,8,9  | 
	1,5  | 
	0,7  | 
	0,7  | 
	1,7  | 
	253  | 
	3  | 
	8,12  | 
	1752  | 
	1770  | 
	1,03  | 
	12  | 
4  | 
	7,8,9,10,11  | 
	1  | 
	1,3  | 
	1  | 
	1,2  | 
	253  | 
	2  | 
	8,05  | 
	1754  | 
	1775  | 
	1,05  | 
	11  | 
5  | 
	9,10,11,12,13  | 
	1,3  | 
	1  | 
	1  | 
	1,1  | 
	254  | 
	1  | 
	8,06  | 
	1755  | 
	1780  | 
	1,07  | 
	10  | 
6  | 
	11,12,13,14,15  | 
	1,5  | 
	0,8  | 
	0,7  | 
	1  | 
	255  | 
	2  | 
	8,07  | 
	1756  | 
	1785  | 
	1,09  | 
	9  | 
7  | 
	13,14,15,16,17  | 
	1  | 
	0,7  | 
	1  | 
	1,4  | 
	256  | 
	3  | 
	8,08  | 
	1758  | 
	1790  | 
	1,08  | 
	8  | 
8  | 
	15,16,17,18,19  | 
	1,3  | 
	1,3  | 
	1  | 
	1,7  | 
	257  | 
	2  | 
	8,09  | 
	1760  | 
	1795  | 
	1,06  | 
	9  | 
9  | 
	17,18,19,20,21  | 
	1,5  | 
	1  | 
	0,7  | 
	1,2  | 
	258  | 
	1  | 
	8,1  | 
	1765  | 
	1750  | 
	1,04  | 
	10  | 
10  | 
	19,20,21,22,23  | 
	1  | 
	0,8  | 
	1  | 
	1,1  | 
	259  | 
	1  | 
	8  | 
	1770  | 
	1751  | 
	1,02  | 
	11  | 
11  | 
	21,22,23,24,25  | 
	1,3  | 
	0,7  | 
	1  | 
	1  | 
	260  | 
	2  | 
	8,1  | 
	1775  | 
	1752  | 
	1,1  | 
	12  | 
12  | 
	23,24,25,26,27  | 
	1,5  | 
	1,3  | 
	0,7  | 
	1,4  | 
	250  | 
	3  | 
	8,12  | 
	1780  | 
	1754  | 
	1,01  | 
	13  | 
13  | 
	25,26,27,28,29  | 
	1  | 
	1  | 
	1  | 
	1,7  | 
	251  | 
	3  | 
	8,05  | 
	1785  | 
	1755  | 
	1,03  | 
	14  | 
14  | 
	27,28,29,30,31  | 
	1,3  | 
	0,8  | 
	1  | 
	1,2  | 
	253  | 
	2  | 
	8,06  | 
	1790  | 
	1756  | 
	1,05  | 
	15  | 
15  | 
	29,30,31,32,33  | 
	1,5  | 
	0,7  | 
	0,7  | 
	1,1  | 
	253  | 
	1  | 
	8,07  | 
	1795  | 
	1758  | 
	1,07  | 
	16  | 
16  | 
	31,32,33,34,35  | 
	1  | 
	1,3  | 
	1  | 
	1  | 
	254  | 
	1  | 
	8,08  | 
	1750  | 
	1760  | 
	1,09  | 
	14  | 
17  | 
	33,34,35,36,37  | 
	1,3  | 
	1  | 
	1  | 
	1,4  | 
	255  | 
	2  | 
	8,09  | 
	1751  | 
	1765  | 
	1,08  | 
	13  | 
18  | 
	35,36,37,38,39  | 
	1,5  | 
	0,8  | 
	0,7  | 
	1,7  | 
	256  | 
	2  | 
	8,1  | 
	1752  | 
	1770  | 
	1,06  | 
	12  | 
19  | 
	37,38,39,40,41  | 
	1  | 
	0,7  | 
	1  | 
	1,2  | 
	257  | 
	3  | 
	8  | 
	1754  | 
	1775  | 
	1,04  | 
	11  | 
20  | 
	39,40,41,42,43  | 
	1,3  | 
	1,3  | 
	1  | 
	1,1  | 
	258  | 
	2  | 
	8,1  | 
	1755  | 
	1780  | 
	1,02  | 
	10  | 
21  | 
	41,42,43,44,1  | 
	1,5  | 
	1  | 
	0,7  | 
	1  | 
	259  | 
	2  | 
	8,12  | 
	1756  | 
	1785  | 
	1,1  | 
	9  | 
22  | 
	1,4,8,12,18  | 
	1  | 
	0,8  | 
	1  | 
	1,4  | 
	260  | 
	1  | 
	8,05  | 
	1758  | 
	1790  | 
	1,01  | 
	8  | 
23  | 
	2,10,20,30,40  | 
	1,3  | 
	0,7  | 
	1  | 
	1,7  | 
	250  | 
	2  | 
	8,06  | 
	1760  | 
	1795  | 
	1,03  | 
	9  | 
24  | 
	3,6,13,17,21  | 
	1,5  | 
	1,3  | 
	0,7  | 
	1,2  | 
	251  | 
	2  | 
	8,07  | 
	1765  | 
	1750  | 
	1,05  | 
	10  | 
25  | 
	5,12,19,31,41  | 
	1  | 
	1  | 
	1  | 
	1,1  | 
	253  | 
	2  | 
	8,08  | 
	1770  | 
	1751  | 
	1,07  | 
	11  | 
26  | 
	6,14,18,25,29  | 
	1,3  | 
	0,8  | 
	1  | 
	1  | 
	253  | 
	3  | 
	8,09  | 
	1775  | 
	1752  | 
	1,09  | 
	12  | 
27  | 
	7,16,31,35,39  | 
	1,5  | 
	0,7  | 
	0,7  | 
	1,4  | 
	254  | 
	2  | 
	8,1  | 
	1780  | 
	1754  | 
	1,08  | 
	13  | 
28  | 
	9,14,27,36,44  | 
	1  | 
	1,3  | 
	1  | 
	1,7  | 
	255  | 
	3  | 
	8,15  | 
	1785  | 
	1755  | 
	1,06  | 
	14  | 
29  | 
	10,14,22, 28,37  | 
	1,3  | 
	1  | 
	1  | 
	1,2  | 
	256  | 
	2  | 
	8  | 
	1790  | 
	1756  | 
	1,04  | 
	15  | 
30  | 
	11,21,31,41,7  | 
	1,5  | 
	0,8  | 
	0,7  | 
	1,1  | 
	257  | 
	3  | 
	8,1  | 
	1795  | 
	1758  | 
	1,02  | 
	16  | 
. 8 23.2 23.3, 8:
1., 8 .
2.6 (23.2) " ( )
8, A .
3.6 (23.3) " ( ) -
8, A .
4.6 (23.5) (23.7) " ( )
8, A .
118
5.6 (23.9) " 8 (
- ) 8,
. + " " 8 23.1.
6.6 (23.10) "
8 ( - ), 8
8, A .
7.6 (23.11) " " -
8 ( - ), 8
8, A .
; $$. 7, 8, 9, 12 13 , D # ! -
! $ 30 # " # ! #.
8.6 (23.12) " " -
8 ( - ), 8
8, A .
9.. 6 (23.9…23.12), " " -
! 8 ( - -
), 8 8, A -
.
10.. 6 (23.13), " ( -- ) , , " A S 8 " -
8, 8
8. + 8 8. 23.1.
11.. 6 (23.14), " ( -
- ) 8 " 8, 8 -
8.
12.. 6 (23.15), " " -
( - ) , , " A S 8 " 8, 8
8, A .
13. . 6 (23.16), " " -
( - ) 8 " 8, - 8 8, A
.
14. . 6 (23.17), " "
, , " A S, 8
8 8
8, A .
%. % " " A S
, A 8 " 8
8, 8 – .
15. . 6 (23.18), " ,
8 8 "
8 8, A .
119
16. 7 " 8,
= , -
. V :
) " 8 23.2
= 8, "
8, , -
, , -
, A " $ !, "-
8;
8) 8, -, " # ,
, , A " $ -
. V " , . 16. , " ( ) 8-, " . 3;
) " , -
, , A " $
# ! #, ! # !, 8
": R , R R .
% . 16. , A
30 8.
17. . 6 (23.19), " A 8 -
= , 8 " -
8 8, A .
18.8 .
23.3 ! "". $ . % "!& 4 ! 5'&' *& " "
1.E " =.
2.V " "- - 8 =.
3.+ " " =
8 .
4.C " " - -
, " =. -
= %%7?
5.V " “ 8”. + " -
8 .
6.V " “ 8”. + "
.
7.8 " %%7.
" = " ?
8.V 6 "
8, A =.
120
