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destination without accidents. 13. By summing up the information about the speed and distance of various objects on the road, the computer detects all possible dangers. 14. A superliner of a new kind will be capable of flying at five times above the speed of the sound. 15. The only way of overcoming the great air resistance at high velocities is flying higher. 16. At low speeds the engine can use turbines for compressing the air before mixing it with fuel in the combustion chamber. 17. In the future, in switching over to the new Earth satellite a driver can be sure of coming safely to his destination. 18. Cryogenic fuels will vaporize before being injected into combustion chamber. 19. On reaching its cruising speed the supersonic liner will fly at 100,000 feet above the Earth. 20. By using supercomputers it is possible to avoid making mistakes in extremely complicated thermodynamic computations.

Exercise 26. Open the brackets using the necessary Gerund form.

1. Excuse me for (to format) … disc C on your computer. 2. You never mentioned

(to use) … this formula in your calculations. 3. He was proud of (to give) … the president scholarship. 4. I don‘t remember ever (to read) … works of R. Feynman.

5. I don‘t remember anyone (to ask) … questions after the lecture. 6. The hacker was punished for (to break into) … the system. 7. The security experts recommend not to be afraid of (to hit) … reply to spam messages. 8. The machine needs (to clean) … . 9. I am quite serious in (to say) … that I don‘t want to go abroad.

10. After … (to grow) wildly for years, the field of computing appears to be reaching its infancy. 11. He confessed to (to forget) … to send the application letter. 12. If you have any trouble … (to sound) condescending, find a Unix user to show you how it's done. 13. The most overlooked advantage to … (to own) a computer is that if they foul up, there's no law against … (to whack) them around a little. 14. After thoroughly (to examine) … the student, the professor gave him a good mark. 15. After thoroughly (to examine) … by the examination commission,

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the student was given a good mark. 16. She reproached me for (not to write) … to her. 17. After (to look) … through and (to mark) … the student‘s papers, the teacher handed them back. 18. Don't bother … (to strike) any key. 19. After (to look) … through and (to mark) .., the papers were handed back to the students. 20. Unix was not designed to stop you from … (to do) stupid things, because that would also stop you from … (to do) clever things.

Exercise 27. Translate the following paragraphs into English using the correct

form of the Gerund.

1. Зберігання і виконання списків інструкцій запущених програм робить комп'ютери надзвичайно багатофункціональними. 2. Щоб встигати за (keep up) технологічним прогресом, необхідні безперервне навчання і розвиток. 3. Створення ефективного лазерного пристрою – одне з головних завдань електроніки. 4. Перетворення програм, написаних на мові асемблера, на машинну мову виконується комп'ютерною програмою, що називається асемблер. 5. Приблизно вся інформація передається через Інтернет без будь-

якої форми шифрування. 6. Одним з найцікавіших подій в телезв'язку є

заміна звичайних дротів на оптоволоконні кабелі. 7. Здається, система супутників Землі вирішила проблему передачі телевізійних програм до будь-

якої частини світу. 8. Розвиток нових вакцин призвів до знищення (stamp out)

багатьох інфекційних хвороб. 9. Наші інженери займаються проектуванням

енергетичних станцій. 10. Багато сторіч люди були зацікавлені в отриманні

нових джерел енергії. 11. Британська електрична компанія оголосила створення нової технології для передачі цифрової інформації через електричні кабелі. 12. Bluetooth встановлює зв'язок із пристроєм шляхом

вибору необхідної послуги або додатку. 13. Більшість постачальників послуг електронної пошти проводять багато заходів для блокування спам-

повідомлень. 14. Спам-фільтри, забезпечені вашим постачальником послуг

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електронної пошти, - інший ефективний шлях для зменшення кількості спам-

повідомлень. 15. Шляхом використання автоматичної системи керування,

водій зможе проїхати велику відстань без зосередження на дорожніх умовах.

Complex Gerund Construction

Complex Gerund Construction is a combination of the possessive pronoun/ noun and the gerund. It is typically translated as subordinate clause.

We knew of his having read his report at the conference. – Ми знали, що він прочитав свою доповідь на конференції.

We know of the earth behaving as а large magnet. – Ми знаємо, що земля поводить себе як великий магніт.

We knew of Newton's having written «the Principia» in a very short time. – Ми знали, що Ньютон написав «Засади» дуже швидко.

Exercise 28. Find Complex Gerund Construction in the sentences below.

Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.

1. The molecules of a polar substance because of their being reactive combine with one another. 2. Combustion may be incomplete owing to insufficient oxygen being present. 3. Einstein's being awarded the Nobel prize in physics soon became widely known. 4. In spite of his not having any university education, Faraday made great discoveries. 5. In addition to (its) depending upon acceleration, force also depends upon the mass of the object. 6. Mendeleev‘s having noticed a periodicity in the chemical properties of elements enabled him to lay down his famous Periodic Law. 7. Mankind is interested in atomic energy being used only for peaceful purposes. 8. We know of Newton's having developed the principles of mechanics. 9. The scientists are sure of the cosmos being the sphere of extensive research for the good of man.

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Exercise 29. Translate the following sentences into English using Complex

Gerund Construction.

1. Термообробка полягає в тому, що ми на короткий час підвищуємо

температуру випромінювача до 2500°.

2.Ми читали про те, що Якобі використовував електромагнітний двигун для практичних цілей.

3.Ми знаємо, що Земля поводить себе, як великий магніт.

4.Людство зацікавлене в тому, щоб атомна енергія використовувалась у

мирних цілях.

5.Гази та рідини повністю пружні, після того як їх стискають, вони повертаються до свого початкового об‘єму, коли прикладену силу видалено.

6.Цілком необхідно, щоб експеримент Джона був проведений саме зараз.

7.Процес змішування однієї субстанції з іншою називається дифузією.

8.Потенціал провідника підвищується з-за того, що електрони збираються

на провіднику.

9.Шляхом підвищення тиску ми збільшуємо силу тертя.

10.Я був такий розчарований, коли дізнався, що мій колега не отримав

нобелівську премію.

REVISION BOX

Exercise 30. Using the verbs in parentheses, complete the sentences with your own words.

1. (help)

I thanked my friend. . for helping me with my

 

homework.

2.(collect) The treasurer is responsible . . .

3.

(work)

The employees objected. . . .

4.

(be)

I apologized. . . .

5.

(win)

Mark is capable. . . .

6.

(get)

I'm not used. . . .

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7. (go to) The rainy weather prevented us . . .

8.(clean up) All of the children participated . . .

9.

(enter)

Unauthorized persons are prohibited. . . .

10.

(attend)

She was excited. . . .

11.

(bring)

I thanked the flight attendant. . . .

12.

(hire)

Mr. Smith is opposed . . .

13.

(have to do) The students complained. . . .

Exercise 31. Fill in the gaps with suitable verbs used in the Gerund form from

the list.

specifying, measuring, repeating, hearing, making, simplifying, hypothesizing,

analyzing, decoding, sending

1.… the process over and over will get the error rate as low as you want.

2.The power of Gallager‘s codes went unappreciated for so long because the …

process he proposed was simply too complicated for 1960s-era technology.

3.… the process was his motive in creating the codes.

4.For researchers like him, … a concrete algorithm was already an uncommon step in the direction of practical deployment.

5.Iterative techniques involve … a first guess of what a received bit might be.

6.If you keep … the same rumor from the same people again and again, you can all begin to think it‘s true, when it‘s really just a closed circuit.

7.By … telescopic measurements of near-Earth asteroids (NEAs) Binzel has

determined that asteroid can experience a ―seismic shake‖.

8. By … about the cause of the fresh surfaces, Binzel and his colleagues have tried to solve a decades-old conundrum.

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9. The discrepancy emerged when scientists began … the spectral fingerprints of

meteorites in the lab.

10. Further research might include computer simulations, ground observations and

sending probes.

Exercise 32. Choose the correct answer.

1. Any such method of … extra information to a message helps to correct errors.

a) adding

b) being added

c) having added

d) having been

 

 

 

added

2. The ideal code would minimize the number of extra bits while … the chance of … error.

a) correcting,

b) having

c) having

d) maximizing,

maximizing

corrected,

maximized,

correcting

 

maximizing

correcting

 

3. … a message three times before midnight was considered to be a code.

a) him sending

b) his sending

c) him being sent

d) his having sent

4. The … confirm that the approach has some potential to be developed.

a) findings

b) being found

c) having found

d) having been

 

 

 

found

5. Scientist‘s new way of … a power-… plant is based on nuclear fusion.

a) creating,

b) producing,

c) having

d) having created,

producing

creating

produced, creating

produce

6. … a fusion reactor that produces a net output of energy has proved to be challenging.

a) development

b) developing

c) having

d) develop

 

 

developed

 

7. Fusion energy could provide a long-term solution to the planet‘s energy needs … to global warming.

a) with

b) by being

c) over having

d) without

contribution

contributed

contributed

contributing

8. The huge magnet‘s … is supported by the magnetic field from an electromagnet

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overhead.

 

 

a) operating

b) being operated

c) having operated d) having been

 

 

operated

9. For planetary research the experiments can yield more subtle details than you can get … satellites.

a) by launching

b) with launching

c) when launching d) without

 

 

launching

10. The project has been through more than 10 years of … by the team.

a) testing

b) being tested

c) having tested

d) having been

 

 

 

tested

Exercise 33. Translate the following sentences into English using the correct

form of the Gerund.

1. Утримання енергії, можливо, було би дуже сприятливим для виробництва

енергії синтезу.

2.Обнародування нового ПК від Apple, як і очікувалося, є центральною темою тижня.

3.Аналітики повідомили компанію Apple, що це могло б означати подвоєння продажів смартфонів.

4.Виведення даного продукту на ринок збільшить діапазон потенційних покупців.

5.Розподілення споживачів смартфонів між двома постачальниками бездротових мереж ймовірно зменшить завантаження мережі.

6.Lenovo в процесі завершення необхідних регулярних формальностей для закриття підприємства.

7.Роботи широко використовуються у виробництві (manufacture), збірці, і,

упаковці.

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8.Протез має датчики, які допомагають пацієнту відчувати пальці.

9.Ходьба - важке і динамічне завдання, яке мають вирішити інженери.

10.Гібриди ходять на 2 ногах і переключаються на режим 4х кінцівок

(arms+legs) при швидкому пересуванні.

PRACTICE TEST #2.

1.

The confinement of energy might be very favourable for ... practical fusion power.

a) production

b) producing

c) having produced

2.

The speculation around Apple's press event this Wednesday is focused on the ... of

an Apple tablet PC.

 

 

a) expecting unveiling

b) expected unveiled

c) expected unveiling

3.

A robot with only one leg, and a very small foot, could stay upright simply by ... .

a) hoping

b) hopping

c) hope

4.

The Robinson machine was designed for the British war effort ... Enigma messages.

a) for cracking

b) in cracking

c) at cracking

5.

The people who interact with them may have little or ... in robotics.

a) no training

b) not training

c) training enough

6. ... the continuous flow of sounds is a difficult task for a computer.

a) interpreting

b) having interpreted

c) being interpreted

7.

One can imagine ... by a robot chef how to make a pastry.

a) explaining

b) being explained

c) having explained

8. ... hand gestures would aid the verbal descriptions.

 

a) his making

b) him making

c) he making

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9. Robotic faces have been constructed, allowing a great amount of facial expressions due to the elasticity of the rubber facial ... and imbedded subsurface motors.

a) coating b) having coated c) coated

10.

It is calculated that ... some fish can achieve a propulsive efficiency greater than

90%.

 

 

a) if swimming

b) at swimming

c) when swimming

11.

Self-controlled cars are capable of ... the environment well and subsequently ...

navigational decisions.

 

 

a) having sensed, making

b) having made, sensing

c) sensing, making

12.

The ... of artificial emotions is quite complex and requires a great amount of

human observation.

 

 

a) programming

b) programme

c) program

13. Besides ... the various technical aspects, also design aspects were ... .

a) covering, including

b) covering, being included

c) having covered,

 

 

 

including

14. ... eyes can also make a difference in whether a machine is called a robot.

a) having

b) having had

c) having been

15.

Simply ... anthropomorphic is not a sufficient criterion for something ... a robot.

a) being, calling

b) to be, to be called

c) being, to be called

16.

Nanorobotics is the still largely hypothetical technology of ... of machines.

a) creation

b) creating

c) creator

17.

Other jobs are physically inaccessible, such as ... another planet, ... laparoscopic

surgery.

 

 

a) exploration, performing

b) exploring, performance

c) exploring, performing

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18.

In a process of a bomb ... operator sends a small robot to disable it.

a) disabling

b) being disabled

c) having been disabled

19.

They allow the job ... faster, without ... workers to the harmful enzymes.

a) to be done, exposing

b) being done, to expose

c) being done, exposing

20.

The robots appeared as four musicians on a boat in a lake, entertaining guests at

royal ... .

 

 

a) drunken parties

b) drunk parties

c) drinking parties

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