Добавил:

Upload Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.

Вуз:

Национальный технический университет Украины «Киевский политехнический институт»

Предмет:

[НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]

Файл:

2_1 / grammar

.pdf

Скачиваний:

Добавлен:

12.05.2015

Размер:

807.09 Кб

Скачать

☆

1 / 91 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 > Следующая >>>

CONTENTS

1.THE INFINITIVE…………………………………………………………4

2.INFINITIVE STRUCTURES……………………………………………14

3.REVISION BOX………………………………………………………….21

4.PRACTICE TEST #1…………………………………………………….25

5.THE GERUND……………………………………………………………28

6.GERUNDIAL STRUCTURES…………………………………………..35

7.REVISION BOX………………………………………………………….36

8.PRACTICE TEST #2…………………………………………………….40

9.THE INFINITIVE VS. THE GERUND…………………………………43

10.PRACTICE TEST #3……………………………………………………55

11.THE PARTICIPLE……………………………………………………...58

12.PARTICIPIAL CONSTRUCTIONS…………………………………...65

13.REVISION BOX…………………………………………………………68

14.PRACTICE TEST #4…………………………………………………….71

15.COMPLEX REVISION………………………………………………….74

16.PROGRESS TEST……………………………………………………….80

17.APPENDICES…………………………………………………………….84

THE INFINITIVE

The Infinitive is a non-finite form of the verb which names an action. The

Infinitive in English has six forms.

	Active	Passive

Indefinite	to play	to be played

Continuous	to be playing	-

Perfect	to have played	to have been played

Perfect Continuous	to have been playing	-

Negative: we add particle ‗not‘ before the infinitive: not to play, not to have been playing.

1. The Indefinite Infinitive expresses	Lasers proved to be of great help in
an action simultaneous with the action	medicine and industry.
expressed by the finite verb, so it may	Lasers are sure to do some jobs better
refer to the present, past or future.	and at much lower cost than other
	devices.
	We will make the experiment with the
	raw materials to be taken from
	another laboratory.

2. The Continuous Infinitive also	Intensive research on optical -
denotes an action simultaneous with that	electronic computer is said to be
expressed by the finite verb, but it is an	going on in a number of US
action in progress. Thus the continuous	companies.
infinitive is not only a tense form, but
also an aspect form, expressing both
time relations and the manner in which
the action is presented.

3. The Perfect Infinitive denotes an		Benjamin Franklin is reported to have
action prior to the action expressed by		invented a means of protection against
the finite verb.		the disastrous effects of lightning — the
Note! After such verbs as to mean, to		lightning rod.
expect, to intend, to hope used in the
Past Indefinite, the Perfect Infinitive
shows that the hope or intention was not
carried out. The same meaning can be
conveyed by the Past Perfect of the
finite verb followed by the Indefinite
Infinitive.

4. The Perfect Continuous Infinitive		Benjamin Franklin is reported to have
denotes an action which lasted a certain		been inventing a means of protection
time before the action of the finite verb.		against the disastrous effects of
It is not only a tense form, but also an		lightning for about a year.
aspect form.

The Infinitive is used without the particle to after

auxiliary verbs	Today's aircraft will be replaced by a new model of
	hypersonic aircraft in a few years.

modal verbs	Optical technology must be cost-effective.
(but: ought to)

Had better, would	I would rather use the higher level cryptography
rather, would sooner,	APIs.
cannot but, nothing but

After verbs denoting	We heard the construction of railway facilities

sense of perception: to benefit fully from the system. hear, to see, to feel

The functions of the Infinitive in the sentence

Subject

 То explain this phenomenon is not easy.

Підмет

Пояснити це явище — нелегка справа.

 То write an absolutely new program is a hard task

Написати повністю нову програму – важке завдання.

Predicate

 The aim of this experiment is to raise the efficiency of

Присудок

production.

Ціль цього експерименту – підвищити якість продукції.

 Ukraine has to expand its economic ties with other nations.

Україна повинна розширити свої економічні зв‘язки з

іншими країнами.

Attribute

 The conference to be followed by an exhibition is to take place

Означення

tomorrow.

Конференція, яка буде супроводжуватися роботою

виставки, має відбутися завтра.

 The problem to be solved is extremely difficult.

Проблема, яку треба вирішити, дуже складна.

 He was the first (scientist) to study this phenomenon.

the last

the only

Він був першим (вченим), хто вивчав це явище.

останнім

єдиним

Object

 Science teaches us to create. - Наука вчить нас творити

Додаток

 We know В. Pascal to be the inventor of the mechanical

computer. -

Ми знаємо Б. Паскаля як винахідника механічного

комп‘ютера.

Adverbial

 The programmer must be a good mathematician (in order) to

Modifier

compile a program. - Програміст повинен бути гарним

Обставина

математиком, щоб написати програму.

 The problem is important enough to be discussed at the

conference.

 Проблема достатньо важлива для того, щоб обговорити її

на конференції.

 These details are too important to be neglected.

Деталі надто важливі, щоб ними нехтувати.

Parenthesis

 to sum up, to summarize -підсумовуючи

Вставне

 to begin with - почнемо з того, що

слово

(речення)

 to be оn the safe side - про всяк випадок

 to put it another way - інакше кажучи

 that is to say - тобто

 to put it briefly - коротше кажучи

Exercise 1. Combine the two sentences as in the example.

e.g. I have an access to my computer. I am happy about it. – I am happy to have an access to my computer.

A. 1. I run an antivirus program every time I use my computer. I am obliged to do it. 2. Railway companies use large systems to control ticket reservations. They are happy about it. 3. I often find the answer by looking at it on the Internet. I am amazed at it. 4. He carries out research in the field of computing. He is proud of it.

B.1. Experts are working on the program of virus checking. They are obliged to do it. 2. I am working at the laboratory. I am happy about it. 3. He is developing a new influenza vaccine. He is proud of it. 4. Software developers are producing increasingly sophisticated applications for a growing global market. They are delighted by it. 5. I am conducting my research. I am glad of it.

C.1. I decrypted the message with the help of secret private key. I am glad of it. 2. We computerized the entire plant to give each division more independence. We are happy about it. 3. Scientists created an artificial word within a computer in which the user can move about. They were proud of it. 4. He detected viruses on his computer. He is upset about it. 5. Scientists predicted rising of temperature and global warning. They were sad about it.

D.1. I haven't got a media player on my computer. I am sorry about it. 2. I didn‘t

charge up my mobile phone battery. I am sorry about it.3. I couldn't open the document you emailed me. I am sad about it. 4. Some inefficient user put the infected floppy in that computer. He was sorry about it. 5. I have passed an exam. I am happy about it.

Exercise 2. Find the Infinitive in the sentences and define its form. Translate

into Ukrainian.

e.g. The phenomenon of superconductivity is known to have been discovered as early as 1911. – Відомо, що явище надпровідності було виявлене у 1911 році.

1. He found the electrical resistance of frozen mercury to disappear suddenly at 4.2 degrees Kelvin (-269 degrees Celsius). 2. This is the temperature to be obtained only through immersion into liquid helium. 3. One knows heat to have been of great importance for the development of industry. 4. People soon began to invent applications for superconductors, for example, to reduce losses in electric power systems. 5. However, in the 1920s the effect of superconductivity was found to disappear in these metals when rather low electric currents were passed through

them. 6. We know the first digital optical disks to have been produced as disks for music. 7. We know heat to have been a difficult problem to solve. 8. Do you know Galileo to have constructed the first air expansion thermometer? 9. Scientists

expect lasers	to solve the problem of controlled thermonuclear reaction.
10. Designers	expect dirigibles to be used for exploration of new territories.

11. Japanese designers believe a new ceramic engine to replace the conventional one. 12. Recent discoveries in superconductivity made scientists look for new

conducting materials		and	for	practical	applications of	the	phenomenon.
13.	Scientists believe	new	laser	devices	to be widely	used	in medicine.
14.	Recommendations from physicists will allow the necessary measures to be

taken to protect the air from pollution.

Exercise 3. Choose the correct form of the Infinitive.

1. His qualification needs (to improve/ to be improved). 2. He has come here (to have done/ to do) something he always wanted. 3. He had no time or chance (to have done/ to do) it before. 4. (To miss/ to be missed) a chance of going to college was absurd. 5. (To be /to have been) a success students need (to work / to be working) ten hours a day. 6. They were (to do/ to have done) a lot of watching and experimenting before examination.

Exercise 4. Choose the appropriate form of the Infinitive (passive or active).

1.When I told Tim the news, he seemed … (to surprise/ to be surprised).

2.Ms. Thompson is always willing to help, but she doesn't want … (to call/ to be called) at hone there is an emergency.

3.The children agreed … (to divide/ to be divided) the candy equally.

4.Janice is going to fill out an application. She wants … (to consider/ to be considered) for the job.

5.I expected … (to invite/ to be invited) to the party, but I wasn't.

6.The mail is supposed … (to deliver/ to be delivered) at noon.

7.I expect … (to meet/ to be met) at the airport by my uncle.

8.Mr. Steinberg offered … (to drive/ to be driven) us to the train station.

9.The children appear … (to excite/ to be excited) about the trip.

10.Your compositions are supposed … (to write/ to be written) in ink.

Exercise 5.Change the following sentences as in the example.

e.g. This is the novelty which must be paid attention to. /This is the novelty to be

paid attention to.

1. This is the amount which must be calculated. 2. This is the concept which will be involved in our studies. 3. This is the vector which will be derived in our calculations. 4. Physics is the science which must be concerned with in all other natural sciences. 5. Pure and applied math are the two branches which must be studied in computational physics. 6. All familiar concepts which will be involved in our studies are concerned with differential equations of the second order. 7. The motion which will be calculated can be explained in terms of acceleration.

Exercise 6. Supply the required form of the Infinitive.

1.At the present time, he is believed (recuperate) from a serious illness.

2.The speaker refused (intimidate) by some threats from the audience.

3.The kidnapper forced the victim (get) into the car.

4.She asked the daughter (not to stay out) late at night.

5.In the athletic contents, it is important (not lose) the sight of the opponent.

6.He was shrewd enough (not deceive) by the promises made at the meeting last night.

7.The accused man said that it was impossible for him (be) at the scene of the crime because he was in another town.

8.He seems (not understand) the instructions that were given to him.

9.He was found (misappropriate) the funds.

10.He appeared (circulate) many lies about the company he was working to.

Exercise 7. Choose the correct answer.

1.	I didn‘t want to join the dispute, so I pretended ... .
a) to read		b) to be reading	c) to have read	d) to be read
2.	Jenny seemed ... no attention to what was going on around her.
a)	to pay	b) to be paying	c) to have paid	d) to have been
				paying
3.	No words can describe the fascination of the place. It must ... .
a)	see	b) be seen	c) have seen	d) have been seen
4.	Can anybody ... me how to use a computer?
a) show		b) be showing	c) have shown	d) be shown
5.	Library books mustn‘t ... for more than two weeks.
a)	keep	b) be kept	c) be keeping	d) have kept
6.	It‘s better to have loved and lost than never ... at all.
a)	to love	b) to have loved	c) to be loved	d) to have been
				loved
7.	The meeting is put off till next Friday. I meant ... you about it, but I forgot. I am
sorry.
a)	to warn	b) to be warning	c) to have warned	d) to have been
				warning

d) have done

8. We intended ... a new house. But we couldn't afford it; houses are very

expensive nowadays.
a)	to buy	b)	to have bought	c)	to be buying	d) to have been
						buying
9. It is not enough to have a good mind; the main thing is ...						it.
a)	to be using	b)	to be used	c)	to have used	d) to use

10. They must have taught him a lesson. It ought to ... long ago.

a) be done b) have been done c) do

Exercise 8. Find the sentences with the Infinitive in the functions of object and

attribute. Translate into Ukrainian.

e.g. The article to be translated is here.

1.То design, construct and operate a laser system is a great technological achievement. 2. A very interesting problem is to produce a practically limitless source of energy. 3. There are projects to use lasers for long distance communication. 4. Automation makes it possible to obtain and develop new sources of energy. 5. To combine laser and thermonuclear reaction is a very interesting problem for the scientists in many countries. 6. To conduct physical experiments with laser beams, Russian physicists have developed large laser installations. 7. Some Western experts consider that it is practically impossible to protect big cities from pollution. 8. Lasers to be placed on Earth satellites will transform solar radiation into laser beams. 9. Signals to be measured must be strong enough. 10. This is the key problem to be solved immediately.

1 / 91 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 > Следующая >>>

Соседние файлы в папке 2_1

#
12.05.2015807.09 Кб42grammar.pdf
#
12.05.2015182.27 Кб10pco.doc
#
12.05.201535.33 Кб11words2-3.doc