2_1 / grammar

Exercise 9. Find the sentences with the Infinitive in the functions of adverbial

modifier. Translate into Ukrainian.

e.g. This data is too important to be revealed. Ці дані надто важливі, щоб відкрити.

1.То exploit new sources of energy are the most urgent problem of today. 2. To solve this problem the researchers have been working hard for years. 3. To exploit the whole of the Sun's energy is one of the researchers' long-term aims. 4. To increase scientific efficiency is to raise the productivity of our industry. 5. For these problems to be carried out successfully we are to work hard. 6. Much is to be done in this field for this key problem to be solved successfully. 7. Materials used for superliner structures must be strong enough to withstand the air resistance at high speeds.8. New materials for hypersonic craft should be light enough because the weight of the aircraft structure is of the greatest importance. 9. Infrared rays emitted by any object on the road are to be intensive enough for sensors to pick them up. 10. The Voice Warning system for cars requires the connection of wires, but it is simple enough to be installed in a car.

Exercise 10. Translate the following sentences into English using the correct

form of the Infinitive.

1. На практиці не вдалося досягти бажаної точності. 2. Відомо, що 5 або 6

орбітальних елементів можливо визначити. 3. Іншим важливим елементом технології фільтрації, що розглядається, є параметри огляду. 4. Мета експерименту – забезпечити дані щодо дифракції світла. 5. Нам варто забезпечити необхідне обладнання, щоб експеримент був вдалим. 6. Це тип процедури, який використовується для отримання точних результатів.

7. Запропоновані результати, передбачається, визначать тип подальших процедур. 8. Щоб отримати приблизний результат, треба не брати до уваги значення цих величин. 9. Недостатня кількість даних напевне (be certain)

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уповільнить роботу. 10. Представити числові методи та їх використання у фізиці – мета даної роботи. 11. Щоб відповісти на це запитання, ми обробили велику кількість публікацій з даної проблематики. 12. Ми зробили багато у галузі, щоб дійти таких висновків. 13. Ряд законів, що залучаються у цьому обчисленні, мають бути детально вивченими. 14. Інтерпретувати результати у межах даної концепції досить важко. 15. Речовина, яка мала використовуватися, була ретельно досліджена. 16. Цінна інформація, яку повинні зібрати супутники, допоможе поліпшити раніше отримані результати. 17. Час, необхідний для того, щоб здійснити певну операцію,

залежить не тільки від швидкості обчислювального приладу, а й від швидкості введення інформації. 18. Здатність комп‘ютера управляти собою,

приймати рішення робить його особливо ефективним.

The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction (Complex Object) is used:

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Exercise 12. Combine the two sentences as in the example using The

Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction.

e.g. We know that cybernetics is an important branch of modern technology. - We know the cybernetics to be an important branch of modern technology.

1. They saw that his activity brought great success. 2. He proved that his suggestion was wrong. 3. High temperatures allowed that the reaction was carried out in two hours. 4. We shall consider that controller is a system of reactors. 5. We expect that document serves experienced programmers. 6. Unfortunately at the same time another station may have detected that network was free and started to broadcast its message. 7. We heard that the construction of railway facilities benefited fully from the system. 8. We know that physical changers are caused by heat. 9. One may assume that the information is correct. 10. He believed that the results of this test had been plotted in the diagram. 11. One cannot expect that a complicated problem like that of using solar energy is solved in a year or so.

Exercise 13. Find the Subjective Infinitive Construction in the sentences

below. Translate them into Ukrainian.

1. Our present-day life seems to be quite impossible without telephone, radio, and television. 2. Nowadays the principle of radio operation seems to be quite simple. 3. The term «radar» is known to be composed of the first letters of «radio, detection and ranging». 4. It happens to reflect its basic principle, that is, the location of an object at a distance. 5. Lasers appeared to be highly useful for solving the problem of controlled thermonuclear reaction and communication. 6. A system of Earth satellites appears to have solved the problem of transmitting the central TV program to any part of the world. 7. Electricity proved to be able to travel instantly over a long piece of wire. 8. Superconductivity is certain to bring about new discoveries in science and technology. 9. Servo loop instability has not proved to be a problem with a properly set-up system. 10. All parameters of the

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problem can be assumed known. 11. The X-rays produced when high-speed electrons hit atoms happen to be about the right length. 12. Hardly any aspect of economic life is likely to be unaffected, or is likely to remain unaffected by automation.

Exercise 14. Rewrite the sentences using the Subjective Infinitive

Construction.

e.g. It is expected that the optimizer is the determining factor. - The optimizer is

expected to be the determining factor.

1.It is shown that the common practice of designing such devices is inadequate.

2.It is likely that this investigation will produce good results. 3. It is likely that the assumed linear relation between energy and pressure is a good approximation. 4. It seems that the concepts of presupposition are being squeezed out of theoretical existence. 5. It is reported that he invented a means of protection against the disastrous effects of lightning. 6. It seemed that Franklin's theory was misunderstood both in his country and abroad.7. It is recognized Franklin was a great public figure who did as much as he could for the good of his country.8. It is supposed that students of Cambridge a wear gowns at lectures. 9. It was reported that the first pocket-size colour television had been developed. 10. It is expected that today's aircraft is replaced by a new model of hypersonic aircraft in a few years. 11. It is said that intensive research on optical-electronic computer is going on in a number of US companies. 12. It is known that a method for recording information on crystal by means of a laser was developed by a Russian researcher.

13.It is expected that the annual output of personal computers reaches millions in the near future. 14. It is known that the laser is a device producing an intensive beam of light by amplifying radiation. 15. It was found that optical technology is cost-effective. 16. It is reported that the optical equivalent of a transistor was produced.

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Exercise 15. Make up sentences changing the highlighted part into the For-to-

Infinitive Construction. Translate them into Ukrainian.

e. g. In order to be successful, the automatic system must tune a transmitter at least as accurately as can be done manually.

For an automatic system to be successful it must tune a transmitter at least as accurately as can be done manually.

1. The author can’t make all the mathematics involved easy for those who have little training in that subject. 2. The suggestion is both attractive and interesting but the work is not sufficiently advanced, any definite opinion of its validity can’t be formed. 3. These experiments prove that it is physically possible that the ground ice of Alaska had been formed by a process of segregation. 4. Clearly, in order to make classroom reading effective we have to take account of the interest factor. 5. Two years were sufficient, the work had been done. 6. The problem is far too involved, nobody can solve it. 7. It took a long time but mathematicians realized at not all continuous functions have a derivative. 8. It is necessary that the investigator applied the knowledge gained from his library to the exploration problem. 9. It is possible that computers handled all types of information.

Too/Enough

Too has a negative meaning. It shows that something is more than enough, necessary or wanted. It is used in the following patterns:

a) too + adjective/adverb + to -Infinitive

e.g. It is too cold to go swimming.

b) too ... for somebody/something

e.g. This coffee is too sweet for me.

c) too ... for somebody something + to -Infinitive

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e.g. This house is too small for us to live in.

Enough has a positive meaning. It shows that there is as much of something as is wanted or needed. It is used in the following patterns:

a) adjective/adverb + enough + to -infinitive

e.g. She is old enough to go out on her own.

BUT: not + adjective/adverb + enough + to -infinitive (negative meaning)

e.g. He did not run fast enough to win the race.

b) enough + noun + to Infinitive

e.g. We've got enough room to put you up.

Exercise 16. Complete the sentences with too or enough and the adjective in brackets.

B:No. It wasn't ...warm enough... to lay a cable. (warm)

1.A: Have the scientists created humanoid robots already?

B:No. Their knowledge ... . (not sufficient)

2.A: Have you finished your term paper?

B:I can't. It's ... . (difficult)

3.A: Did you hear the announcement about a seminar held by ‗Microsoft‘?

B:No. It wasn't ... . (loud)

4.A: Can you pass a test tube from the top shelf, please?

B:I can't. I'm not ... to reach it. (tall)

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5.A: It's ... in here. (hot) It contradicts safety measures.

B:What shall we do?

6.A: Did you enjoy the lecture yesterday?

B:No. I was ... to enjoy it. (sleepy)

7.A: Why don't you accept the results of his measurement?

B:He is not ... . (clever)

8.A: Why don‘t you use top-bottom approach?

B:It is not ... for me. (understandable)

REVISION BOX

Exercise 17. Fill in the gaps with suitable verbs used in the Infinitive form from the list.

to save, to require, include, to be installed, to recreate, to originate, be maintained, to send, take, to lift.

1. It should … a long time for the telephone chain to go all around the world before it gets back to you again.

2. Meteorites are thought … from asteroids, it was expected that the spectral fingerprints would match.

3.Say you want … a single four-bit message over a noisy channel.

4.New equipment still needs … to measure the temperature.

5.The position of the half-ton magnet, which carries a current of one million

amperes can … this way to within half a millimeter.

6. It might enable them … the conditions necessary to sustain fusion reactions.

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7.One rumor is Apple's press event may … an announcement about an end of iPhone exclusivity.

8.It was designed … on freight costs and shipment time to customers in north India.

9.Lenovo's market in the north of India was not large enough … a large factory there.

10.The Unimate was installed … hot pieces of metal from a die casting machine and stack them.

Exercise 18. Translate the following text into English using the correct form of the Infinitive. Pay attention to the words, word combinations emphasized with italics.

Три закони робототехніки в науковій фантастиці - обов'язкові правила поведінки для роботів. Відомо, що вони були вперше сформульовані Айзеком Азімовим в оповіданні «Хоровод».

Закони свідчать:

0.Робот не може заподіяти шкоди людині, якщо тільки він не доведе, що кінець кінцем це буде корисно для всього людства.

1.Робот не може заподіяти шкоду людині або своєю бездіяльністю допустити, щоб людині було завдано шкоди.

2.Робот повинен підкорятися всім наказам, які дає людина, окрім тих випадків, коли ці накази суперечать Першому Закону.

3.Робот повинен піклуватися про свою безпеку в тій мірі, в якій це не суперечить Першому і Другому Законам.

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