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immediately set about designing a device that would allow humans to breathe underwater.

This project was put on hold during World War II (1939–45; a war in which England, the Soviet Union, and the United States clashed with Germany, Japan, and Italy). Cousteau became a gunnery (heavy guns) officer and was later awarded the prestigious Legion d‟Honneur for his work with the French resistance, a military group fighting against the occupying German army.

Even during the war Cousteau turned his attention to the world below the sea. In 1942 he designed the Aqua-Lung, an early underwater breathing device. Cousteau then helped remove mines from French seas left over from the war. One of these minesweepers (boats used to remove mines from the bottom of the ocean) would become Cousteau‟s research ship, the Calypso.

Work aboard the Calypso

On the Calypso‟s first research voyage to the Red Sea, the maritime (having to do with sea travel) and diving expertise of its crew was combined with the scientific expertise of academic scientists who came aboard. These expeditions advanced knowledge of the deep by gathering underwater flora (plants) and fauna (animals) and by extensively photographing the underwater world, which is vaster than the surface above water.

When the French Ministry of Education finally provided grants to cover two-thirds of the expenses, Cousteau resigned from the navy in 1957, with the rank of lieutenant commander, to become director of the Oceanographic Museum in Monaco.

Raising awareness

In 1960 Cousteau was an important part of the movement to prevent the dumping of French atomic waste into the Mediterranean Sea. This movement ended in success. Throughout his life Cousteau enjoyed much recognition for his tireless support of ocean ecology (the relationship between organisms and

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their environment). In 1959 he addressed the first World Oceanic Congress, an event that received widespread coverage and led to his appearance on the cover of Time magazine on March 28, 1960.

In April of 1961 Cousteau was awarded the National Geographic‟s Gold Medal at a White House ceremony hosted by President John F. Kennedy (1917–

1963). It was through Cousteau‟s television programs, however, that his work captured the imagination of a worldwide audience. In 1966 Cousteau‟s first hourlong television special, “The World of Jacques-Yves Cousteau,” was broadcast. It was well received by critics. The program‟s high ratings were important in landing Cousteau a contract with the American Broadcasting Company (ABC), which resulted in the series “The Undersea World of Jacques Cousteau” in 1968. The program ran for eight seasons and starred Cousteau, his sons, Philippe and Jean-Michel, and sea creatures from around the globe. In order to raise public opinion against pollution, in 1975 he founded the Cousteau Society, an international organization with branches in several countries (including the United States at Norfolk, Virginia).

In honor of his achievements, Cousteau received the U.S. Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1985. In 1987 he was inducted into the Television

Academy‟s Hall of Fame, and later received the founder‟s award from the International Council of the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences. In 1988 the National Geographic Society honored him with its Centennial Award, and in 1989 France admitted him membership in its prestigious Academy.

Cousteau died in Paris, France, on June 25, 1997, at the age of eightyseven. While some critics have challenged his scientific credentials, Cousteau never claimed “expert status” in any discipline. But perhaps to a greater degree than any of his fellow scientists, Cousteau enlightened the public by exposing the irreversible effects of environmental destruction.

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UNIT XI. COMPUTERS

Exercise 1. Listen to the text and state whether the following sentences are true

or false.

1.More and more kids are designing and selling computer software.

2.The average age at which kids start using gadgets has fallen.

3.Young consumers really don‟t care what kind of gadgets they buy.

4.Young children seem frightened of electronic devices.

5.The data were collected from many simple American adults.

6.A quarter of parents surveyed don‟t buy gadgets regularly.

7.A father had to teach his son how to use Sony‟s PlayStation.

8.Sony will soon bring out a version of its PlayStation for newborns.

Exercise 2. Words and word combinations to be remembered. Work in pairs: check up your partner‟s memorizing of the given words.

method of compiling – метод збирання (складання) utilization – використання

extrapolate – дістати, здобути, вийняти trial – проба, спроба

yield – приносити, давати pattern – зразок

Exercise 3. Read the text and answer the following questions.

1.How is our era characterized in the text?

2.What is a computer used in our everyday life for?

3.How do computers help researchers in medicine?

4.What can biochemists use computers for?

5.What role do computers play in astronomy?

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6.What do you do while waiting for your PC to boot up?

7.Will a faster boot-up time change your life?

8.What do you think of changes in technology?

9.How much better have computers got in the past few years?

10.What role do computers play in your life?

COMPUTERS IN SCIENCE

Computers are perhaps the most useful tools ever invented by mankind. In this, the era of computers, they are used to count our votes, figure our bank accounts, help plan new buildings and bridges, guide our astronauts through space and assist management in its everyday decisions.

The dynamic introduction of the computer has changed man‟s information needs entirely. Man has developed methods of compiling and analyzing large quantities of data with a minimum amount of human intervention. Technological advances in all fields have been dynamic and extensive. The methods of applying data processing systems to information needs are boundless. With

each new application, data processing systems can be used to help man increase his productivity and advance civilization further. It‟s a giant step forward in man‟s utilization of science and knowledge as a means of progress.

What can computers do for the scientist? Now weather scientists are able to work out astronomical number of calculations for predicting weather changes. They are even working on a mathematic model of the world‟s weather that may some day enable us to make accurate weather forecasts a year or more ahead of time.

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In medicine computers are helping researchers test drugs by

extrapolating the information gained in limited trials, so that large scale tests

will not only be safer, but will yield far more useful information. Computers are

helping doctors make diagnoses by winnowing down the information a doctor

has to go through to arrive at a valid conclusion.

Biochemists are using computers as a sort of mathematical microscope,

in delving into the secret of the living cell; they have found a physical limit to

the information they can obtain with their instruments. By using computers they

have already obtained and are beginning to construct an accurate picture of the

giant molecules that are the building blocks of all living things.

In astronomy, computers, of course, serve as computational workhorses, figuring out the exact positions and orbits of planets, stars and other heavenly bodies. With the growing importance of radio telescope, computers have been especially valuable in analyzing the patterns of signal received from outer space, separating the meaningful signals from the electronic roar of background „noise‟ that accompanies them.

Space technology would be almost unthinkable without the power of the computer. This is an area of science that requires the combined knowledge of all other sciences – physics, chemistry thermodynamics, electronics, mathematics, even psychology. Only computers can bring this large amount of information under control to make it serve our efforts.

The achievements of computers in the fields of space exploration,

weather reporting, medical, research and other areas of scientific study have

been fantastic. The tremendous storage capacities and rapid processing of data

have produced the valuable information necessary for research in the unknown

areas of science. Scientific research has moved into the foreground of human

activity. In both the pure and applied sciences, computers are being used to

multiply man‟s thinking power – and to multiply the time he can spend

thinking.

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Exercise 4. Work in groups. Match the synonyms. Make up sentences using these words.

1.

utilization

a.

achievement

2.

quantity

b.

use

3.

advance

c.

amount

4.

boundless

d.

weather prediction

5.

trial

e.

unlimited

6.

weather forecast

f.

to result

7.

to require

g.

test

8.

drug

h.

to demand

9.

to yield

i.

medicine

10.safe

j.

harmless

 

 

k.

quality

Exercise 5. Pay attention to the explanation of the terms. Translate the given information into Ukrainian.

1.Data processing – doing calculation needed to deal with given information. The central unit of a computer processor is used for it.

2.Storage – a special device in a computer for keeping information.

3.Pure sciences – deal with theories.

4.Applied sciences – deal with practical application of scientific research.

Exercise 6. Agree or disagree to the following statements. Begin your sentences

with the following phrases: I think so. Yes, it‟s really so. I‟m afraid, it‟s wrong.

Ican‟t agree.

1.The computer has changed men‟s information needs entirely.

2.Computers help scientists in all fields of knowledge.

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3.Computers will be able to work without a man.

4.The methods of applying data processing systems are limited.

5.All scientists use computers in their work.

Exercise 7. Computer Applications: match the given terms with their

definitions. Work in groups.

 

 

___Default

1)

The flashing vertical line that indicates where the

 

next action will occur.

___Word wrap

2)

Displays the name of the element on which the

 

mouse pointer is resting.

___Title bar

3) Used with a mouse to shift the on-screen display

 

up and down or left and right.

___ScreenTip

4)

A standard setting or mode of operation.

___Scroll bar

5)

A feature that causes text to move automatically

 

from the end of one line to the beginning of the

 

next line.

___Thesaurus

6)

A listing of words with synonyms and antonyms.

___ Insertion point

7)

Switch back and forth between two features.

___Toggle

8)

To display text in different colors that the

 

surrounding text.

___Highlight

9)

Displays the program and document name.

___Full Block

10) A style of letter in which all lines start flush

 

with the left margin.

___ Modified Block

11) The line at the start of a letter including the

 

greeting and the recipient's name such as Dear Mr.

 

Doe.

___ Salutation

12) A style of letter in which some lines start at the

 

center of the page.

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Exercise 8. What‟s worse? Rank these items and share your rankings with your partner. Put the things you most hate waiting for at the top.

The computer to start

A web page to load

A download

A document to open

The computer to wake up from sleep

Games to load

An e-mail to send

Shutting down

Exercise 9. NANOBOTS: With your partner, talk about for which of the things below you would put nanobots into your body. Rank them in order of most important to you.

_____

to live to be 125

_____

to play an instrument like a concert performer

_____

to speak a new language fluently

_____

to play computer games like the world‟s best player

_____

to be happy all day, every day

_____

to look very young for all of your life

Exercise 10. Write an essay on the role of computers in your life (130-180

words).

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UNIT XII. ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION

Exercise 1. Listen to the text and state whether the following statements are

true or false.

1.A study into pollution and children‟s lungs was the largest ever.

2.Researchers monitored different children for 30 years.

3.The survey found almost half of children studied had lung damage.

4.Living near a busy road doubles the chances of lung damage.

5.Researchers tested the children‟s lungs on a monthly basis.

6.Kids living 500 meters from busy roads had 30% less lung power.

7.Living near a road is still bad even if it‟s in a low pollution area.

8.Children who moved away from roads still suffered lung problems.

Exercise 2. Read and remember the following words. Work in pairs: check up your partner‟s memorizing of the given words.

Environment [ɪn'vaɪər(ə)nmənt], pollution [pə'luːʃ(ə)n], success [sək'ses], successful [sək'sesful], purify ['pjuərɪfaɪ], air [ɛə], natural ['næʧ(ə)r(ə)l], special ['speʃ(ə)l], especially [ɪs'peʃ(ə)lɪ],

throughout [θru'aut], advance [əd'vɑːns], eliminate [ɪ'lɪmɪneɪt], purpose ['pɜːpəs], essential [ɪ'senʃ(ə)l], therefore ['ðɛəfɔː], data ['deɪtə], joint [ʤɔɪnt], measure ['meʒə], circumstance ['sɜːkəmstæns].

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Exercise 3. Look at the following words and phrases, make up sentences using them.

achieve – досягати

increase – збільшуватися

advance – просування вперед, успіх

purpose – мета, призначення

area – область

reach – досягати

bring about – викликати

remain – залишатися

carry out – проводити, виконувати

scale – масштаб, розмір

considerable – значний

several – декілька

deal with – мати справу з

similar – подібний, схожий

effort – зусилля

solve – вирішувати

evident – очевидний

still – все ще, однак

growth – ріст

success – успіх

however – однак, тим не менш

therefore – тому

 

way – шлях, спосіб

joint efforts – спільні зусилля take measures – вживати заходів throughout the world – по всьому світу

Exercise 4. Read the text and answer the following questions.

1.What is this text about?

2.What is ecology?

3.How does water (air) become polluted?

4.Why is the problem of air and water pollution becoming a global problem?

5.What makes it possible to eliminate air and water pollution?

6.What are scientists in industrially developed countries currently working on?

7.What factors are slowly changing the global climate and water balance?

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