Lappo_Anglysky_141_2014

углерода, сточные воды, сотрудничать, проветривать (вентилировать), зелень (растительность).

Exercise 2

Find in the text the English equivalents of the following Russian verbs and make up sentences with them:

пытаться; ограничивать; сосредотачиваться; вносить вклад; направлять по определенному плану; иметь дело (с чем-либо/кем- либо); разрабатывать; возрождать; экономить; сотрудничать.

Exercise 3

Find the synonyms in section B for words/word groups in section A:

Arelease, large-scale, green buildings, focus, promote, save, limit, fireproof, impact, greenery,

Beconomize, eco-friendly buildings, influence, let go, encourage, restrict, concentrate, hothouse, extensive, fire-resistant

Exercise 4

Translate the sentences defining the tense and the voice of the predicate:

1.Since the 1980s, as the complexity of buildings has increased (in terms of structural systems, services, energy and technologies), the field of architecture has become multi-disciplinary with specializations for each project type, technological expertise or project delivery methods.

2.There has been an increased separation of the «design» architect from the «project» architect, who ensures that the project meets the required standards and deals with matters of liability.

3.Modernism and Postmodernism have been criticized by some members of the architectural profession, who feel, that successful architecture is not a personal philosophical or aesthetic pursuit by individualists; rather it has to consider everyday needs of people and use technology to create an environment suitable for life, with the design process being informed by studies of behavioral, environmental, and social sciences.

4.At present, environmental sustainability is a mainstream issue, with profound effect on the architectural profession.

5.The financing of buildings is supported by developers who are educated to encourage the facilitation of environmentally sustainable design, rather than solutions based primarily on immediate cost.

6.More attention is being paid to a structure's energy usage.

7.This major shift in architecture has also changed architecture schools to focus more on the environment.

8.Sustainability in architecture was pioneered by Frank Lloyd Wright, in the 1960s by Buckminster Fuller and in the 1970s by architects such as Ian McHarg and Sim Van der Rynin the US and Brenda and Robert Vale in the UK and New Zealand.

9.In the future, the number of buildings which seek to meet green building sustainable design principles will be increasing.

10.Sustainable practices that were at the core of vernacular architecture are increasingly providing inspiration for environmentally and socially sustainable contemporary techniques.

11.An example of an architecturally innovative green building is the Dynamic Tower which will be powered by wind turbines and solar panels.

12.The fact that architecture is left out of common cultural communication is especially characteristic of the Russian reality.

13.Architecture in the XXI century is moving towards a more sustainable model in order for the continuation of growth and stabilization of the environment.

14.Various architectural styles, from baroque of Peter`s time, rococo, high neoclassicism up to the eclecticism of the late XIX and early XX centuries, are represented by numerous remarkable public buildings in St. Petersburg, ranging in function from riding schools to railway stations, from government offices to upmarket stores.

15.The most notable manifestation of modernism in post-war europe was mass housing construction.

16.In most offices, working drawings are prepared on screen and computer generated images of photographic quality squeeze out the hand drawn images.

Exercise 5

Fill the gaps with the suitable prepositions:

towards, in, from, without, above, throughout, by (2), to, on, through, about, of

1.Towering … this there are 36 floors of office accommodation, each with an average area of 1,400 square meters that can be partitioned as required, and served …… a total of 16 high-speed elevators.

2.Sustainable architecture has not become limited to stand-alone technological feats …… attempting to be a part of everyday life of the people.

3.Sustainable architecture refers …… architecture which is designed in an environmentally friendly way.

4.Growing concerns ……the environment highly contributed …… the interest that arose on the issue of sustainable architecture in the early 21st century.

5.Sustainable Architecture is when a design is less damaging to the area in which it is being placed. For instance using a type of asphalt that allows water to pass ...it.

6.The aim of sustainable design is to adapt and create new technologies and materials and to borrow ways of working from other disciplined, to focus …… innovation rather than increasing performance or efficiency.

7.The main objectives of sustainable design are to reduce, or completely avoid depletion of critical resources like energy, water, and raw materials; prevent environmental degradation caused …… facilities and infrastructure …….. their life cycle.

8.The use of sustainable biomaterials that come …. renewable sources and that can be recycled is preferred to the use on nonrenewables from a life cycle standpoint.

9.Sustainable architecture often incorporates the use ….. recycled or second hand materials, such as reclaimed lumber and recycled copper.

10.The reduction … use of new materials creates a corresponding reduction in embodied energy (energy used in the production of materials).

Exercise 7

Make up a plan of the text. To each point of the plan, choose the words/word groups which will be absolutely necessary for making a presentation.

Exercise 8

Write a short summary of the text. It should be 10 sentences.

Home task

Prepare a short presentation about the trends in the architecture of our days in the PowerPoint program.

Text B

Deconstructivism

Vitra Design Museum in Weil-am-Rhein designed by Frank Gehry in 1990

Deconstructivism is a development of postmodern architecture that began in the late 1980s. It is influenced by the theory of «Deconstruction», which is a form of semiotic analysis*.

Deconstructivism is characterized by ideas of fragmentation, an interest in manipulating ideas of a structure's surface or skin, nonrectilinear shapes which serve to distort and dislocate some of the elements of architecture, such as structure and envelope. The finished visual appearance of buildings that exhibit the many deconstructivist «styles» is characterized by a stimulating unpredictability and a controlled chaos. In other words, deconstructivist architecture seeks to remove all rules and systems from architecture, stripping it of all the codified methods of the past.

Deconstructivism in contemporary architecture is opposed to the ordered rationality of Modernism and Postmodernism. Though postmodernist and deconstructivist architects both published in the same journal «Oppositions» (between 1973 and 1984), the journal’s contents mark a decisive break between the two movements. Deconstructivism took a confrontational stance to architectural history, it wanted to «disassemble» architecture. While postmodernism returned to embrace the historical references that modernism had shunned, deconstructivism rejected the postmodern acceptance of such references, as well as the idea of ornament or decoration.

One example of deconstructivist complexity is Frank Gehry’sVitra Design Museum in Weil-am-Rhein (Germany), which takes the typical unadorned white cube of modernist art galleries and deconstructs it, using geometries reminiscent of cubism and abstract expressionism.

Another example of the deconstructivist architecture is Wexner Center for the Arts created by the American architect Peter Eisenman The Wexner Center takes the archetypal form of the castle, which it then makes very complex in a series of cuts and fragmentations. A threedimensional grid runs through the building. The grid, as a reference to modernism, collides with the medieval antiquity of a castle. Some of the grid's columns intentionally do not reach the ground, hovering over stairways creating a sense of neurotic unease and contradicting the structural purpose of the column. According to Eisenman, when you can sense the incompleteness of a finished structure, it is a paradoxical experience. If the parts that make up the whole are in conflict, the sensation of the incomplete contests the fact that the structure is, in fact, a finished and fully enclosed space.

Some theorists think that deconstructivist architecture takes inspiration from the Russian Constructivist and Futurist movements of the early twentieth century, both in their graphics and in their visionary architecture, little of which was actually constructed. Artists Naum Gabo, El Lissitzky, Kazimir Malevich, and Alexander Rodchenko, have influenced the graphic sense of geometric forms of deconstructivist architects such as Zaha Hadid and Coop Himmelblau.

Notes:

*semiotic analysis – семиотический анализ [семиотика́ – наука о коммуникативных системах и знаках, используемых в процессе общения]

Questions:

1.When did the origin of deconstructivism take place?

2.What are the main features of deconstructivism?

3.What movements in architecture is deconstructivism opposed to?

4.What are the basic differences between deconstructivism and postmodernism?

5.In what way can we regard Wexner Center for the Arts created by the American architect Peter Eisenman as a work in the deconstructivism style?

6.Where does deconstructivist architecture take inspiration from?

Exercise 1

Find the English equivalents in the text of the following Russian words/word groups:

семиотический анализ; фрагментация; непрямолинейные формы; наружняя оболочка; непредсказуемость; хаос; конфронтационная позиция; демонтировать; исторические ссылки; избегать; неукрашенный; напоминающий; оригинальный (прототипный); парадоксальный опыт; полностью замкнутое пространство; вдохновение.

Exercise 2

Translate the sentences paying attention to Complex Infinitive Subject:

1. Jewish Museum in Berlin opened to the public in 2001 is one of the best examples of Deconstructivism in the world. This project was believed to join architecture to questions that are now relevant to all humanity.

2.This zig-zagging structure, clad in thin zinc sheeting punctuated by windows is said to recall wounds and scars of two millennia of German Jewish history.

3.The structure’s shape is considered to be inspired by a warped Star of David, and its jaggedness is likened to the human condition.

4.A thin layer of zinc exterior coating is supposed to oxidize and turn bluish as it weathers.

5.The Museum appeared to sit upon a space once occupied by the Berlin Wall.

6.A huge void cut in the Museum structure was supposed to symbolize the absence of thousands of Berliners who had been killed or deported in the Holocaust.

7.The architect, Daniel Libeskind, seems to have created a new Architecture for a time, which would reflect an understanding of history, a new understanding of Museums and a new realization of the relationship between program and architectural space.

8.However, this Museum is known not to be only a response to a particular program, but an emblem of Hope.

Exercise 2

Match the words in section A with their definitions from section B A

surface; envelope; grid; inspiration; to argue; to concern; spatial; unadorned; contemporary; ordered.

B

•relating to the size, shape, and position of things, and the relation of objects to each other in space

•a framework of spaced bars that are parallel to or cross each other

•carefully arranged or organized

•a thin shell that encloses a structure

•to refer to smth

•modern, or relating to the present time

•the top layer or outside part of something

•something that gives you new ideas and the enthusiasm to create something

•to discuss something with someone who has a different opinion from you

•plain, not decorated

Exercise 3

Make up your own sentences with each word in section A from

Exercise 4

Write a plan to the text. To each point of the plan, choose the words/word groups which will be absolutely necessary for making a presentation.

Exercise 4

Write an annotation to the text. It should be 10 – 12 sentences.

Home task

Prepare a short presentation on the topic covered in the text in the PowerPoint program.

Unit 8

Architects` Work

An architect at work, 1893

Text A

Architects’ work description

The most basic definition of an architect is a professional trained and licensed to plan, design, and oversee the construction of buildings. To practice architecture means to provide services in connection with the design and construction of buildings and the space within the site surrounding the building that has as its principal purpose human occupancy or use. Architects work in the construction industry and are involved with designing new buildings, extensions or alterations to existing buildings, or advising on the restoration and conservation of old properties. They can work on individual buildings or on large redevelopment schemes, and can be responsible for the design of the surrounding landscape and spaces.

Architects work closely with their client and users to make sure that projected designs match their needs and are functional, safe and economical. They usually control a project from start to finish and work with a number of construction professionals, including surveyors and engineers, producing drawings and specifications that the construction team works to.

Architects are involved from the earliest stages of a building project, which can start with developing ideas with the client, establishing budgets, assessing the needs of the building and its users, and its impact within the local environment. They assist with site selection and work closely with contractors on site, ensuring that works are carried out to specific standards and that, above all, the building is sustainable, functional and aesthetically pleasing. Work activities vary but typically include the following:

discussing the objectives, requirements and budget of a project;

consulting with other professionals about the design of an environment;

preparing and presenting feasibility reports and design proposals to the client;

advising the client on the practicality of their project;

using IT in design and project management, specifically using computer-aided design software;

keeping within financial budgets and deadlines;

producing detailed workings, drawings and specifications;

specifying the nature and quality of materials required;

preparing tender applications and presentations as well as tender documents for contracts;

negotiating with contractors and other professionals;

preparing applications for planning and building control departments;

project managing and helping to coordinate the work of contractors;

controlling a project from start to finish;

regular site visits to check on progress, ensuring that the project is running on time and to budget;

resolving problems and issues that arise during construction;

ensuring that the environmental impact of the project is managed.

Salaries vary with experience and location. Starting salaries in the UK for first degree qualification range from £15,000 to £20,000*. Architects having a diploma earn from £20,000 – £26,000. Architects who have passed the final exam leading to registration as an architect or those with experience and qualifications usually earn from £26,000 to £35,000. Salaries may rise when chartered status* is achieved. At senior level/associate/partner level, the salaries are much higher, they reach up

to £80,000. Salaries vary considerably according to the location, sector and size of the employing organization, with salaries normally higher in London.

Architects are predominantly office based, but their work does include out-of-office visits to both clients and sites. Appropriate safety equipment, such as protective boots and headgear, must be worn on site. Contracted working hours may be 9am to 5pm, Monday to Friday, but it is not uncommon for architects to work long hours, including evenings and weekends. Self-employment or freelance work is possible, especially for experienced architects. Chartered architect status* is available through membership of the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA)*, which allows use of the affix ‘RIBA’ after an architect’s name.

Notes:

*£15,000 to £20,000 – имеется в виду ежегодный доход. *Chartered status – имеется в виду статус архитектора, имею-

щего лицензию на проведение своей профессиональной деятельности.

*Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) – Королевский институт британских архитекторов.

Answer the questions:

1.What is the basic definition of an architect?

2.How should architects work so that projected designs match the needs of their client and are functional, safe and economical?

3.What is done by architects at the early stage of a building project?

4.What are the architects` major work activities?

5.Are starting salaries for young architects in the UK higher or lower than the corresponding salaries in Russia?

6.Where is architects` work intended to be done?

7.What does freelance work imply?

8.How is chartered architect status to be obtained?

9.What skills and professional interests are considered to be an advantage for students who study to become architects?

10.What else could turn out to be invaluable experience?

11.What is regarded to be key parts of career development?

12.Where is it easier to make a career, in private practices or with large firms?

13.What other opportunities for young architects to find employment are mentioned in the text?

14.Which field is a growing area of work for architects?

Exercise 1

Find the Russian translations in section B for the English words and word groups in section A:

Alicense; oversee; extension; restoration; conservation; redevelopment; assess; drawing; specification; contractors; feasibility; deadlines; negotiate; resolve; prior to; sketches; freehand drawings; liaise; negotiation; skills.

Bдавать разрешение/право (на что-то), надзирать; пристройка (к дому); реставрация; консервация; перестройка; оценивать, определять (сумму); чертеж; подрядчики; выполнимость (осуществимость); крайний срок; вести переговоры; решать (проблемы); прежде чем; наброски; чертежи/рисунки «от руки»; поддерживать связь; переговоры; навыки.

Exercise 2

Find the definitions of the following words:

feasibility; redevelopment; promotion; license; conservation; skill.

a)permission for performance of professional activities;

b)the process through which the material, historical, and design integrity of humanity's built heritage are prolonged through carefully planned interventions;

c)ability to be carried out economically and with profitability;

d)a process of demolition of the existing improvements and construction of new improvements on a site;

e)an ability to carry out some professional or useful activity; making a career

f)the act of moving someone to a higher or more important position or rank in an organization.

Exercise 3

Fill in the words from the previous exercise into sentences and translate into Russian:

1. Towns in Britain which were considerably destroyed during the war have seen much city-centre [… ].

2. A [… ] study is an evaluation and analysis of the potential of the proposed project which is based on extensive investigation and research to support the process of decision making.

three main objectives: to show the contribution of the various civilizations in the city progress, to learn from the past experience, and to develop the local economy and the residents’ sense of belonging to the historic space.

5.[ … ] may be an employee's reward for good performance, i.e., positive appraisal.

6. Business [ ] are permits issued by government agencies that allow individuals or companies to conduct business within the government's geographical jurisdiction.

Exercise 4

Change the verb in brackets in the proper tense and voice form and translate the sentences:

1.You will be considered a proper candidate to be hired by an architectural office if you (graduate) from a university’s architectural faculty and (pass) the RIBA Part 3 examination in professional practice.

2.In September last year, an interview (hold) with students prior to offering a place on an architecture course.

3.Throughout, students (encourage) to combine experience of the practical world of landscape architecture with creativity and innovation in the studio.

4.In the latest Research Assessment, a total of 60 % of Birmingham Institute of Art and Design (BIAD) research (judge) to be «worldleading» or internationally excellent.

5.Ten graduates of our university (offer) internship opportunities in William Rawn Associates, a prestigious American architecture firm.

6.In Europe and the United States, the recession (place) architecture – and architects – in crisis.

Exercise 5

Analyse the structure of the following sentences and translate into Russian:

1.It is an urbanization which has moved from the traditional concept of frontier city to that of a networked city.

2.What can happen to the historical centre in this context, if we take into account that it is ahistorical product which is born, matures and dies, like all social processes do?

3.The attempt to answer these questions leads to our formulating three hypotheses regarding their future, that in fact are more a combination of them than just one in a pure statement.

4.Green building is a trend in the architecture field to build structures that are water and energy efficient out of environmentally friendly materials.

Exercise 6

Write a summary of the text. Your summary should contain 12 – 14 sentences.

Home Task

Study the Visual Appendix to Unit 8 and fulfill the task in it. Get ready for the presentation in the PowerPoint program devoted to the topic «Our architectural bureau».

Text B

Professional Requirements for Architects

Although buildings in the UK are commonly designed by people who are not architects, the term «architect» itself is protected by the Architects Act 1997 which established the Architects Registration Board (ARB) *. Only qualified individuals that are registered with the ARB can offer their services as architects.

In the United Kingdom, qualifying as an architect entails a combination of academic studies and professional experience in architectural training and the construction industry, which takes a minimum of seven years to finish.

The professional requirements for architects vary from place to place, but usually consist of three elements: a university degree or advanced education, a period of internship or training in an office, and examination for registration with a jurisdiction. Professionals engaged in the design and supervision of construction projects prior to the late 19th century were not necessarily trained in a separate architecture program in an academic setting. Instead, they usually carried the title of Master Builder, or surveyor, after serving a number of years as an apprentice (such as Sir Christopher Wren). The formal study of architecture in academic institutions played a pivotal role in the development of the profession as a whole, serving as a focal point for advances in architectural technology and theory.

In the United Kingdom, the title «architect» is restricted by law to those registered at the Architects Registration Board. It usually takes a

minimum of seven years to obtain the necessary qualifications and experience for registration. Those wishing to become registered must first study at a recognized university-level school of architecture. Though there are some variations from university to university, the basic principle is that in order to qualify as an architect a candidate must pass through three stages that are administered by the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA)*.

The first stage means getting an approved first degree in architecture, known as RIBA Part 1, which typically takes three or four years A BA or BSc in architecture usually includes the ARB/RIBA Part I examinations that all architects are required to pass.

There then follows a period of a minimum of one year which the candidate spends in an architect's office gaining work experience. The candidate must then complete a post-graduate university course, usually two years, to receive either a graduate diploma (Dip Arch), Masters (MArch). On completing that course, the candidate receives exemption from Part II of the RIBA process.

The candidate must then spend a further period of at least one year gaining experience before being allowed to take the RIBA Part III examination in Professional Practice and Management. Once this is completed, students can register as an architect with the ARB* and apply to become a chartered member of the

RIBA.

There is concern that architectural training has become relatively expensive now that universities can charge fees of up to £9,000 a year. Training to become an architect takes at least seven years, with four or five of these at university. Adding in necessary living expenses on top of university fees, it is thought that the total cost of training to become an architect could be as much as £100,000. This may result in architecture becoming the preserve of students whose parents are able to support them through their training. Whilst the number of applications for places at schools of architecture remains high, increasingly this is from students outside the EU, with applications from UK and EU students decreasing.

Many universities hold interviews with students prior to offering a place on an architecture course. Potential students are expected to have a portfolio demonstrating a broad mixture of work, including sketches, freehand drawings, photographs and models. Some universities may

offer advanced credit* to students who have completed a degree or modules of a degree in a related subject.

There is also an alternative route to qualification which does not involve attending courses at a school of architecture. The RIBA Examination in Architecture for office-based candidates is open for people who have a minimum of three years’ experience working in an architectural practice. The program is available at Part 1 and Part 2 level and is completed through self-study and distance learning while the candidate remains working full time in the practice.

Notes:

*Architects Registration Board (ARB) – Регистрационный со-

вет архитекторов.

*Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) – Королевский институт британских архитекторов.

Answer the questions:

1.What three elements do professional requirements for architects in the UK consist of?

2.What does the author say about architects` education in the XIX century?

3.What is the title «architect» in the UK restricted by?

4.How long does it usually take to obtain the necessary qualifications and experience for registration?

5.What three stages does a candidate have to pass in order to qualify as an architect?

6.How is it possible to become licensed as an architect in other ways?

7.How long does the entire licensure process take to complete?

8.What is the difference between the educational systems in the UK and Russia?

Exercise 1

Find the Russian translations in section B for the English words and word groups in section A:

A advanced education, internship, jurisdiction, Master Builder, surveyor, apprentice, pivotal role, restrict, registration, exemption, postgraduate university course.

B освобождение (от налогов, и т. п.), ограничивать, инспектор (представитель технадзора), профессиональная стажировка (интернатура), регистрация, освобождение (от налога и т. п.), расширенное образование, образовательный курс послевузовского университетского образования (аспирантура), прораб, подмастерье, юрисдикция, основная (кардинальная) роль.

Exercise 2

Define the structure of the following sentences. In each sentence, find the Subject and the Predicate.

1.He says key ingredients at work are his problem-solving skills, which he applies to both legislative and architectural work; and his focus on employment, both as an elected official and a smallbusiness owner.

2.Chris Widener began his career in getting involved in his community where he lived and worked

3.Through his years of public service, Widener, who was a Republican representing in Ohio’s 10th Senate District, has found a natural congruity between his work in the legislature and his work as an architect in WDC Group in Springfield, Ohio.

4.The benefit was that schools wouldn’t have to spend money to replace or repair buildings that were going to be demolished at some point, when their plan came to fruition.

5.As a result of that, we crafted a bill, and all school districts were able to get their plan the following year.

6.Modernists, who were so commendable in their efforts to bring into being the new structure made possible by the wonderful materials of steel and concrete, nevertheless completely failed to appreciate the severe aesthetic limitations imposed by these materials

7.What is finally clear in the face of the experience with modernism, the international style, post modernism, post-structural deconstructivism, etc, is that the aesthetic problems presented by modern materials are intractable.

8.Now when a theoretical failure is at last comprehended, what will follow is a bifurcation.

9.A solution from the past gets reactivated, while the theory of the new materials gets translated, gets pushed into a new realm.

10.Spanish colonial cities which embodied utopian ambitions as well as aims for functionality and good governance were often planned, as were some towns settled by other imperial cultures.

Exercise 3

Write a short summary of the text containing 6 – 7 sentences.

Exercise 4

Retell the text.

Home task

Prepare a short presentation in PowerPoint program devoted to professional education of architects in the Russian Federation as compared to that in the UK.

Dictionary

advanced education – расширенное образование

advent of new forms in architecture – пришествие новых форм в архи-

тектуру

afterthought – мысль, пришедшая в голову слишком поздно anchor – скреплять, закреплять

appearance – внешний вид; apprentice – подмастерье

arches and curved forms – арки и изогнутые формы art nouveau structures – постройки в стиле модерн assess – оценивать, определять (сумму)

banish – отгонять (изгонять) base – основание (сооружения) bell tower – колокольня

beyond recognition – вне узнаваемости blueprint – (рабочий) чертеж

borrow – заимствовать

breakthrough – прорыв (например, в науке или технике) buttress (n) – поддерживать

buttress (v) – контрфорс

cable-stayed bridges – вантовые мосты ceaseless search – неустанные поиски ceramic tiles – керамические плитки cinch around – натягивать ь вокруг чего-л. cite – ссылаться (цитировать)

cloister – уединяться

collaboration (in) – (в) сотрудничестве (совместно) collaborators – сотрудники (единомышленники) collide – сталкиваться

complicated – сложный, запутанный conservation – консервация conservation – консервация contextuality – контекстуальность contractors – подрядчики

contradict – противоречить contribution – вклад conventional – общепринятый

conventional construction (of conventional construction) – обычной конструкции

corrugated cylindrical arch – рифленая цилиндрическая арка crown (be crowned with – увенчиваться)

currently – в настоящее время, в текущий момент curtain walls – подвесные стены

curved glass – гнутое стекло curving – изгиб

deadline – крайний срок

defy – игнорировать (пренебрегать) demolish – сносить (здание) depict – изображать

destination – место назначения diagonal thrusts – диагональные распоры

diagrid – перекрытие из диагональных и перекрестных элементов diagrid shell structure – оболочечная конструкция с использованием перекрытия из диагональных перекрестных элементов

dimension – размер, измерение

distinct individuals – яркие индивидуальности distinctive style – яркий индивидуальный стиль diverse – разнообразный

doubly curved structural forms – конструкционные формы с двойным изгибом

draw up (plans) – составлять планы drawing – чертеж

drills – бурильные установки eclecticism – эклектика elongated – удлиненный

employ – нанимать на работу (иметь в штате) environmentally friendly design – экологически чистый дизайн equilibrated structure – сбалансированная конструкция equilibrium of forces – равновесие сил

erect – возводить (здания)

error – ошибка распрямлять закреплять establish – учреждать (основывать) evoke – вызывать (воспоминание и т.п.) evolve – развиваться (эволюционировать)

exemption – освобождение (от налога и т.п.) expressive – (быть) выразительным