Lappo_Anglysky_141_2014

2.The latter code is designed to require planning and construction techniques.

3.This operation was done by the Romans, as well as in modern times, by placing iron (and now steel) rods in the formwork.

4.Traditionally, centering was semicircular in form, as this shape was the easiest to lay out on the job site.

5.Writing on architecture is almost as old as writing itself.

6.The holding up of the sequence of three basic aims – «convenience, strength and beauty» – has its own significance.

7.On completing the project we started the preliminary calculation works on the next one.

8.In case of using a solid barrel vault in construction, engineers should take into consideration that this may cause the walls to spread out at the top.

Exercise 7

Make up a plan to the text about Pier Luigi Nervi. To each point of the plan, choose the words/word groups which will be absolutely necessary when making a presentation.

Exercise 8

Write a short annotation to the text. It should be 12–15 sentences.

Home Task

Find in the internet the information about all the buildings created by Nervi with their images and prepare a report in chronological order about the life and creative activities of Pier Luigi Nervi, one of the greatest engineers and architects of the XX century.

Text B

Zaha Hadid

One of the world’s most celebrated architects in the world at present is Zaha Hadid, born 31 October 1950, an Iraqi-British architect renowned for her distinctly futuristic designs. She was born in Baghdad, Iraq. She received a degree in mathematics from the American University of Beirut before moving to study at the Architectural Association School of Architecture in London. She worked for her former professors, Koolhaas and Zenghelis, at the Office for Metropolitan Architecture, in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, where she became a partner in 1977.

In 1980, she established her own London-based practice. During the 1980s, she also taught at the Architectural Association. Zaha Hadid has taught at prestigious universities around the world, including the Harvard Graduate School of Design. She is currently Professor at the University of Applied Arts Vienna in Austria. In 2004, Hadid became the first woman and first Muslim recipient of the Pritzker Architecture Prize, architecture’s equivalent of the Nobel Prize. Her architectural design firm, Zaha Hadid Architects, employs about 400 people, and is headquartered in London. Zaha Hadid is an architect who consistently pushes the boundaries of architecture and urban design. Her work experiments with spatial quality, extending and intensifying existing landscapes in the pursuit of a visionary aesthetic that encompasses all fields of design, ranging from urban scale through to products, interiors and furniture.

When the spheres of art, architecture and design collide as they do in the works of Zaha Hadid, the result is a tectonic shift in the notion of how form can be depicted. Albert Gleizes* and Marcel Duchamp* hinted at an idea of the fourth dimension in art in the early 20th century, but Hadid has gone further in representing such a concept; the result is Cubism* in space. As they say, with Zaha Hadid all previously held beliefs are suspended, blurred and ultimately overturned, but with mathematical precision.

Hadid is the author of numerous designs, such as Towers in Bratislava, Miami, Singapore and China; cultural and recreational buildings like the Design Park and Plaza in Dongdaemun and a new Dance and Music Center in the Hague; and a new flagship project in her home country, the headquarters of the Iraqi national bank. Her buildings are characterized by the powerful, curving forms of her elongated structures with multiple perspective points and fragmented geometry to evoke the chaos of modern life.With a very large team of about 400 architects, Hadid's London office is one of the busiest in the world. Although only fragments of her initial work were realized, she experienced an incredible global interest the past decade both from public and private clients. Her new projects display extreme formal complexity and a renewed interest in ornamentation. They could be perceived as a continuous evolution of a digital baroque.

Zaha Hadid is one of the leading architects of our time. True to her provocative architectural research, her recently built works realize challenging and innovative designs once thought unbuildable. Moreover, her pending projects promise even more dramatic shifts in our understanding and experiencing of architecture.

Notes:

*Albert Gleizes Альбер Глез (1881–1953) — французский художник, философ и теоретик кубизма.

*Marcel Duchamp Марсель́ Дюшан́(1887–1968) – французский и американский художник, теоретик искусства, стоявший у истоков дадаизма и сюрреализма.

*Cubism Кубизм́ (фр. Cubisme) – модернистское направление в изобразительном искусстве, прежде всего в живописи, зародившееся в начале XX века и характеризующееся использованием подчеркнуто геометризованных условных форм, стремлением «раздробить» реальные объекты на стереометрические примитивы.

Exercise 1

Find the Russian translations in section B for the English words and word groups in section A:

A establish, currently, employ, in the pursuit, collide, notion, depict, dimension, previously, precision, flagship project, elongated, evoke, provocative, pending.

B удлиненный, изображать, вызывающий (дерзкий), в поисках, сталкиваться, предварительно (ранее), самый важный проект, в настоящее время, вызывать (воспоминание и т. п.), измерение, нанимать на работу (иметь в штате), понятие, незаконченный (ожидающий решения), учреждать (основывать), точность.

Exercise 2

Make up 10 questions to the text in written form.

Exercise 3

Write synonyms for the following words:

celebrated (p.p); recipient (n); boundary (n); encompass (v); depict (v); flagship project (n); headquarters (n); display (v); ornamentation (n); unbuildable (adj).

Exercise 4

Translate the following sentences paying attention to the ing-forms (Gerunds, Participles I, or nouns) and determine their function in the sentence:

1.Since her student days in London at the Architectural Association School of Architecture, Iraqi-British architect Zaha Hadid has been intensely preoccupied with changing our general notions of space – not only in a physical sense, but also socially and culturally.

2.Hadid’s projects created during the late 1970-s and 1980-s were marked by a profound understanding of the works by the early XX century avant-garde artists and architects.

3.Along with her strong conceptual and historical awareness, nature’s forms and shapes appear as a source of inspiration for Zaha Hadid’s architecture, which includes attention to physical contexts and landscapes, whether resulting in layered structures or powerful moving lines but also exploring possible interfaces between patterns and construction.

4.Dame Hadid, who once said she did not design «nice buildings», is renowned for her elongated and often curving forms such as the Aquatics Centre for the London Olympics last year.

5.Her foray into marine architecture takes her liking for flowing organic forms to several new levels.

6.The mesh-like structure connects together the decks of six yacht designs drawn up by the architect, ranging from a 128-metre ship to a smaller 90-metre version, which has been turned into a workable model and named the «Jazz».

7.Commenting on the difficulties of reconciling her land-based buildings with ocean-going mogul runabouts, Dame Hadid told reporters: «As a dynamic object that moves in dynamic environments, the design of a yacht must incorporate additional parameters beyond those of architecture – which all become much more extreme on water».

8.As the super-yacht market recovers from the travails of the 2008 crash, during which newly cash-strapped oligarchs and billionaires abruptly cancelled orders, manufacturers are once more seeking to differentiate themselves in a reinvigorated market.

9.It is estimated that up to 700 super-yachts, measuring 24 metres or more in length, are currently under construction.

Exercise 5

Write an annotation to the text. Your annotation should contain 12 sentences.

Home Task

Find more information on the life and creative activities of Zaha Hadid and get ready for a short presentation in PowerPoint program devoted to this outstanding architect.

Unit 6

Postmodernism

Dancing house in Prague

Text A

Postmodernism in Architecture: Origin and Development

Postmodern architecture evolved from the modernist movement, yet it contradicts many of the modernist ideas. Combining new ideas with traditional forms, postmodernist buildings may startle, surprise, and even amuse. Familiar shapes and details are used in unexpected ways. Buildings may incorporate symbols to make a statement or simply to delight the viewer.

Postmodernism began as an international style the first examples of which are generally cited as being from the 1950s, but did not become a movement until the late 1970s and continues to influence present-day architecture. Postmodernity in architecture is said to be heralded by the return of «wit, ornament and reference» to architecture in response to the formalism of the International Style of modernism. Postmodernity may be regarded as response to the formalism of the International Style of modernism. The functional and formalized shapes and spaces of the modernist style are replaced by diverse aesthetics: styles collide, form is adopted for its own sake, and new ways of viewing familiar styles and space abound. Perhaps most obviously, architects rediscovered the expressive and symbolic value of architectural elements and forms that had evolved through centuries of building which had been abandoned by the modern style. The key ideas of Postmodernism are set forth in the books by Robert Venturi, an American architect, one of the major architectural figures in the twentieth century, who was at the forefront of this move-

ment. In his book Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture Robert Venturi tried to open his readers` eyes to new ways of thinking about buildings. He sought to bring back ornament because of its necessity.

In the 1980s the founding leaders of postmodernism – Venturi, Denise Scott, Charles Moore, and Michael Graves–continued to design, integrating historical forms with new decorative and functional designs. They had established the movement that brought ornamentation, history, and contextuality back into American architecture. Even firms that received much attention in the decade and preferred exploring abstract styles were influenced by postmodernism, as seen in their site-sensitive buildings and their playful use of color.

One of the first postmodern internationally prominent architects was Oscar Niemeyer who will go a step further in this movement with a style markedly plastic and sculptural, rediscovering full creative freedom. His works are regarded as having a certain appearance associated with a metaphor based on the inspiration of nature or the human body in the predominantly white.

Very good examples of this search are the MAC Museum of Contemporary Art in Niterói (1991–1996) by Oscar Niemeyer, and the MAM Milwaukee Art Museum (1994–2001) and the Tenerife Concert Hall (1991–2003) designed by Santiago Calatrava.

Answer the questions:

1.What did Postmodern architecture evolve from?

2.When did it eventually become a movement?

3.What features of the postmodern architecture can you name?

4.What impression do postmodernist buildings produce?

5.What are the functional and formalized shapes and spaces of the modernist style replaced by?

6.What did architects rediscover?

7.Where are the key ideas of Postmodernism set forth?

8.What did Robert Venturi seek to bring back?

9.Who can be referred to as the first internationally prominent architect?

10.Can you name any well – known works, which may be regarded as examples of postmodernism?

Exercise 1

Find the Russian translations in section B for the English words and word groups in section A:

Acontradict, cite, herald, for its own sake, symbolic, set forth, at the forefront, new ways of thinking, contextuality, site-sensitive buildings, appearance, evolve, diverse, expressive, collide.

Bконтекстуальность, внешний вид,__символический, развиваться (эволюционировать), противоречить, возвещать (предвещать), сталкиваться, для собственного блага (для себя), разнообразный,__выразительный, во главе (на передней линии движения), новый образ мышления,_ссылаться (цитировать), дома

стщательно выбранным местоположением, излагать (объяснять).

Exercise 2

Read the text and find the terms associated with Postmodernism in architecture and its features. Arrange your words in three columns like in the following Table:

Exercise 3

Fill in the English words from the list in the sentences instead of the Russian equivalents given in brackets and translate the sentences. (NB: Pay attention to changing word forms when necessary):

regard; evolve; employment; feature; aesthetic; symbolic; traditional; abandon; set forth; prominent; simplistic, outstanding; layout; architectural ornament; at the forefront; contradict; cite.

1.Postmodern architecture has also been described as neo-eclectic, where reference and (архитектурные украшения) have returned to the facade, replacing the aggressively unornamented modern styles.

2.Oscar Niemeyer was a (выдающийся) architect who was (во главе) of postmodern movement.

3.The term postmodernism is used in relation to architecture which designates an international architectural movement that became dominant in the late 1970s and 80s, and (излагается) in the book by the (выдающийся) American architect Robert Venturi.

4.Robert Venturi (цитировать) to have said his posmodernist slogan «Less is a bore» (противоречащий ) the slogan of Mies van der Rohe, a representative of modernism in architecture, who used to say «Less is more».

5.One building form that typifies the explorations of Postmodernism is the (традиционный) gable roof, in place of the iconic flat roof of modernism.

6.Perhaps most obviously, architects rediscovered the expressive and (символический) value of architectural elements and forms that had (развиваться) through centuries of building – often maintaining meaning in literature, poetry and art – but which had been (отказываться от чего-л) by the modern movement.

7.The divergence in opinions comes down to a difference in goals: modernism is rooted in minimal and true use of material as well as absence of ornament, while Postmodern architects may (считать, относиться к чему-л.) many modern buildings as soulless and bland, overly (упрощенный) and abstract.

8.Robert A. M. Stern, a contemporary American architect, is believed to think that postmodernism is characterized with ornamentalism, that is, the (применение) of several traditional architectural and decorative (особенность, черта) into the design of interiors, buildings, furniture, etc., influenced by Art Deco and Art Nouveau.

9.The house was constructed with intentional formal architectural, historical and (эстетический) contradictions.

10.In this modest dwelling, Venturi combined simplicity of external form with complexity of interior (планировка), and conventional symbols and elements with contradictory arrangements.

Exercise 4

Translate the following sentences paying attention to the function of Active & Passive Infinitive.

1.As Manfredo Tafuri has written in his book «The Sphere and the Labyrinth», architecture as politics is by now such an exhausted myth that it is pointless to waste any more words on it.

2.Architecture and politics ought not to be regarded as totally unrelated, the precise nature of their interconnection is not at all what most advocates of architecture’s political role seem to think.

3.To reveal any dominant ideology in Postmodernism era is rather hard taking into account a pluralism of styles.

4.Postmodern elements can be traced in architecture, art, and consumer behavior.

5.Post-Modernist architects attempt to link their buildings to established patterns, geometries, and possibilities for future growth.

6.Engineers don’t design to stress a material to the point where it will fail.

7.The aim of modern architecture is to design for each unique situation and to be inspired by its purpose.

8.They are reported to have carried out the research work on an innovative method of construction.

9.The materials to be selected by the builder will function under different conditions.

10.The structure to be built will be a steel-framed one.

Exercise 5

Translate the following sentences paying attention to Gerunds and gerund constructions.

1.As you begin working with an architect, or consider hiring one, it’s helpful to know where you are in the process and where it will take you.

2.The book by Robert Venturi, Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture (published in 1966), was instrumental in opening the readers` eyes to new ways of thinking about buildings, as it drew from the entire history of architecture and lambasted overly simplistic Functional Modernism.

3.After many years of being neglected, ornament returned.

4.On getting acquainted with the project of the Dancing House, the then Czech president, Václav Havel had avidly supported the architects who had designed the building, hoping that the building would become a center of cultural activity.

5.By lifting these incompatible styles out of history and tacking them together, the styles lose their significance.

6.On coming to Vienna, we encountered all architectural styles of European history.

Exercise 6

Write a plan to the text. To each point of the plan, choose the words/word groups which will be absolutely necessary for making a presentation.

Exercise 7

Write an annotation to the text. It should be 10–12 sentences.

Exercise 8

Make up a plan to your presentation on the topic «Postmodernism in Architecture». You may base your presentation on the works by any architect belonging to this direction in architecture.

Home task

Prepare a short presentation on the topic covered in the text in the PowerPoint programme.

Text B

Oscar Niemeyer (1907–2012)

The iconic Brazilian architect Oscar Niemeyer has passed away at the age of 104. His work and influence will continue to inspire generations.

«Architecture was my way of expressing my ideals: to be simple, to create a world equal to everyone, to look at people with optimism, that everyone has a gift. I don’t want anything but general happiness.» These are the inspiring words of one of the greatest architects of our time, the late Oscar Niemeyer who died on Wednesday 5 December 2012 at the age of 104, some 10 days before his 105th birthday.

A Brazilian native, Niemeyer is best known for his modernistic buildings and abstract forms and curves. His work is a prominent feature on Brazil’s urban landscape and he is credited for designing most of Brazil’s civic buildings* – a planned city, which became the capital Brasilia. His early discovery and use of reinforced concrete was highly influential in the architecture of the late 20th and early 21st century. Below are some inspiring quotes by Niemeyer himself:

«My ambition has always been to reduce a building’s support to a minimum. The more we diminish supporting structures, the more audacious and important the architecture is. That has been my life’s work. My work is not about «form follows function,» but «form follows beauty». I had some good opportunities. I was lucky to have had the chance to do things differently. Architecture is about surprise. Here, then, is what I wanted to tell you of my architecture. I created it with courage and idealism, but also with an awareness of the fact that what is

important is life, friends and attempting to make this unjust world a better place in which to live.

It is not the right angle that attracts me, nor the straight line, hard and inflexible, created by man. What attracts me is the free and sensual curve – the curve that I find in the mountains of my country, in the sinuous course of its rivers, in the body of the beloved woman. We need to feel that life is important; we need that fantasy so we can live a little better. Architecture will always express the technical and social progress of the country in which it is carried out. Beauty is valued more than anything – the beauty that is manifest in a curved line or in an act of creativity.»

Oscar Niemeyer was born in Rio de Janeiro Brazil in 1907. He graduated from the Escola Nacional de Belas Artas in Rio de Janeiro in 1934, and in 1935, he joined the office of Lucio Costa. In 1936, he joined the team of Brazilian architects collaborating with Le Corbusier on a new Ministry of Education and Health in Rio de Janeiro. This proved a formative experience for Niemeyer. In 1942, Niemeyer created a series of recreational buildings which borrowed extensively from the expressive Brazilian Baroque style* of architecture. In 1956 Niemeyer was appointed architectural adviser to Nova Cap – an organization charged with implementing Lucio Costa's plans for Brazil's new capital*. The following year, he became its chief architect, designing most of the city's important buildings. On emerging in the epoch of Niemeyer's career, these buildings mark a period of creativity and modern symbolism.

In works from Brasília's crown-shaped cathedral to the French Communist party building in Paris, Niemeyer shunned the steel-box structures of many modernist architects, finding inspiration in nature's crescents and spirals. His hallmarks include much of the UN complex in New York and the Museum of Modern Art in Niterói, which is perched like a flying saucer across Guanabara Bay from Rio de Janeiro.

Niemeyer continued to work on Brazilia until 1964 (the time when a coup plunged Brazil into a 21-year military dictatorship). Then his political affiliation with the communist party forced him into exile in France. While living in France in 1965, he designed the headquarters of the French Communist party. During the dictatorship, he also designed the centre of the Mondadori publishing house in Italy, Constantine University in Algeria and other projects in Israel, Lebanon, Germany and Portugal. In the late 1960-s, he resumed his career in Brazil, teaching at the University of Rio de Janeiro and working in private practice. He was

awarded the Gold Medal of the American Institute of Architecture in 1970, the Pritzker architecture prize from Chicago's Hyatt Foundation in 1988 and the gold medal of the Royal Institute of British Architects in 1998.

Notes:

*Civic buildings гражданские здания [Здания этого типа предназначаются для проживания и обеспечения бытовых, общественных и культурных потребностей людей].

*Brazilian Baroque style: Архитектурный стиль барокко в бразилии появился благодаря католическим миссионерам в начале XVII века и был весьма распространен до первой половины XIX века.

Brazil's new capital*: город Бразилиа, новая столица Бразилии [Перенос столицы Бразилии из Рио-де-Жанейро в Бразилиа 21 апреля 1960 года – второй по счёту перенос столицы в Бразилии. В отличие от предыдущего, инициированного португальской колониальной администрацией, данный перенос был организован властями самой республики президентом Жуселину Кубичек ди Оливейра столица Бразилии была перенесена в город Бразилиа, ставший третьей по счёту столицей страны после Салвадора и Рио-де- Жанейро. Большинство административных и общественных зданий в городе построено по проекту известного бразильского архитектора Оскара Нимейера.]

Answer the questions:

1.What did Oscar Niemeyer say about his attitude to architecture?

2.What is he best known for?

3.What did he create in his native country?

4.What was his attitude to supporting structures in his designs?

5.What was his slogan in architecture?

6.What educational establishment did he graduate from?

7.Which outstanding architect did Oscar Niemeyer collaborate with at the beginning of his professional career?

8.What organization was Niemeyer appointed architectural adviser to?

9.What was this organization engaged with?

10.Which buildings do his hallmarks include?

11.What was the reason of his leaving his native country?

12.What creations of Oscar Niemeyer appeared during his exile period?

13.When did he resume his career in Brazil?

14.What awards did he have?

Exercise 1

Find the Russian translations in section B for the English words and word groups in section A:

Aambition; diminish; supporting structures; audacious, sensual curve, sinuous; collaborate; recreational; borrow; appoint; implement; symbolism; shun; inspiration; crescent; perch; coup; plunge; political affiliation; resume; award; exile;

Bпомещать (высоко); (государственный) переворот; воплощать; остерегаться, избегать (напр., опасности); вдохновение; политические связи (привязанности); символизм; награждать; смелый; относящийся к сфере развлечений; заимствовать; назначать;, имеющее форму полумесяца; опорное (поддерживающее) сооружение; чувственный изгиб; уменьшать; ввергать (во что-то); изгнание (ссылка); возобновлять; страстное желание; работать в сотрудничестве; извилистый (волнообразный).

Exercise 2

Match the words in section A with their definitions in section B and make up your own sentences with them:

Aattempt; coup; affiliation; resume; hallmark.

Bdistinguishing characteristic, trait, or feature;

1.to begin to do smth. again after a pause or interruption;

2.the act of becoming formally connected or joined;

3.to try to perform, make or achieve

4.sudden appropriation of leadership or power; a takeover

Exercise 3

Look at the forms of Gerund in the table. Using the verbs from the list below, provide the necessary forms of Gerund:

diminish; support, borrow; appoint; implement; resume; award

Exercise 4

Find Gerunds in the text and define their function in the sentence.

Exercise 5

Translate the following sentences paying attention to Gerunds and define their function in the sentences.

1. Oscar Niemeyer started working as an architect in the 1930s, when Brazil was still copying neoclassical European architecture and designing ornate palace-like buildings.

2.As a result of having been taught by Le Corbusier, Oscar Niemeyer developed a distinctive style defined by stark concrete and sweeping curves.

3.After graduating from a professional school, Niemeyer started his career immediately.

4.A firm communist – and a personal friend of Cuban leader Fidel Castro – Niemeyer left the country during Brazil's military dictatorship and proceeded making his international career in France.

5.He was also very concerned about political life, and architecture is political in some ways in the sense of doing things that belonged to the civic life of people in the city.

6.Architecture is the art of making cities, not just making buildings.

7.His focusing more on the architecture's form than on its inhabitants or functionality made some people say that for a communist his work was not very people-friendly.

8.«Architecture is a profession where you need a long period of apprenticeship and you never stop learning». This is what Niemeyer kept saying.

9.Niemeyer's handling of scale, proportion and program allowed him to resolve several complex problems with simple and intelligent plans.

10.The architects` firm was charged with implementing a great project aimed at creating the city of Brasilia.

Exercise 6

Write a plan to the text. To each point of the plan, choose the words/word groups which will be absolutely necessary for making a presentation.

Exercise 7

Write an annotation to the text. It should be 10 – 12 sentences.

Home Task

Find in the Internet the information about the architectural works by Niemeyer as well as images of these works. Prepare a short presentation in PowerPoint program.

Unit 7

Contemporary Architecture

The Scottish Parliament Building, Edinburgh, inaugurated 2004

Text A

Key Trends in the XXI Century Architecture

The XXI century is full of unique designs and environmentallyfriendly concepts geared towards the future of architecture. Major concerns that influence the architecture of these buildings include air quality, water preservation and energy efficiency. Modular homes and structures are a prevalent feature in the XXI century building. These homes are preengineered in factories with steel cores, eco-friendly attributes and long term durability.

The XXI century architecture has moved the industry further towards sustainable development. Designers and architects are demonstrating a greater environmental awareness in modern structures and designs. As the global community becomes more eco-aware there is growing pressure for more projects to be sustainable and less reliant on artificial sources. Architecture in the XXI century is moving towards a more sustainable model in order for the continuation of growth and stabilization of the environment.

Sustainable architecture is architecture which is designed in an environmentally friendly way. The goal of sustainable or «green» architecture is to create structures which are beautiful and functional, but which also contribute to a sustainable lifestyle and culture. Interest in sustainable architecture grew radically in the early XXI century in

response to growing concerns about the environment, but, in fact, people have been building sustainably for thousands of years, because sustainable projects are often practical in nature.

A truly sustainable building will have a design, which addresses a number of issues, including heating and cooling, water usage, environmental quality, and energy usage. Architects can deal with environmental aspects of building construction in a variety of ways, all of which are designed to increase efficiency without being cumbersome or detracting from the function of the building.

Much of sustainable architecture focuses on building intelligently. For example, a building may be oriented towards the south in the Northern Hemisphere so that the building will be warmed through the day by the sun, and a building may be insulated with extra care to minimize heat loss. Plumbing systems may be designed to utilize less water while still functioning normally, and the building might include smart lighting which turns off when people are not around to save energy.

Contemporary architects are promoting the importance of natural systems. They are designing large-scale buildings illuminated by the sun and naturally ventilated with double-skin windows that let in air but keep out noise and heat. Strategies for natural ventilation and illumination are now becoming more widely accepted as architects and engineers develop advanced techniques for providing natural air-conditioning in buildings of unprecedented size in the hottest of climates, as well as reviving older, forgotten strategies.

The materials used to construct large-scale buildings – concrete, steel, wood, plastics – all create environmental problems because of the energy used to fabricate them, the toxic chemicals that make them attractive, waterproof, or fireproof, and the energy needed to transport them. Some architects and engineers concerned with environmental sensitivity are now employing a variety of strategies to limit the environmental impact of building construction. Among these solutions is the reuse of existing buildings through adaptive reuse, which is a form of recycling on an architectural scale. For new construction, architects can better control the use of materials and reduce waste by utilizing materials that require little energy to produce and ship, are renewable, modular and prefabricated.

Greenery inside and outside of buildings is a crucial part of the cycle of water consumption and waste. Understanding this relationship is important, as architects attempt to curb water consumption, reduce waste water, and use natural plant materials to mitigate the impact buildings

have on their surroundings. Large buildings can consume millions of gallons of water a day, while during a single rain storm millions of gallons can be lost, as untreated water runs off into sewers or the ground. Engineers and architects are now collaborating to develop ways of using this run-off as undrinkable «gray» water in sinks and toilets. Greenery cleans our air by converting carbon dioxide into oxygen, and cleans our water by filtering run-off water before it is released into the surrounding environment.

Answer the questions:

1.What are the major concerns of the XXI century architecture?

2.What are designers and architects demonstrating in modern structures and designs?

3.How can the term «sustainable architecture» be defined?

4.Which issues are addressed by a truly sustainable building?

5.How do architects achieve the aim of sustainability in their designs?

6.What is a form of recycling on an architectural scale?

7.What strategies to limit the environmental impact of building construction are used in new structures?

8.Why is the aspect of greenery so important for modern architects?

Exercise 1

Find the Russian translations in section B for the English words and word groups in section A:

Arecycling, lighting, energy efficiency, modular home, environmental quality, isolate, sewer, to mitigate, ventilate, plumbing system, to save energy, greenery, double-skin windows, run-off water, environmentally – friendly, renewable, water consumption, untreated water, collaborate, carbon dioxide, cumbersome, sustainable development.

Bэкологически чистый, энергоэффективность, сборный дом из объемных блоков (модулей), устойчивое развитие, качество окружающей среды, громоздкий, смягчать, изолировать, сантехниче-

ская система, освещение, экономить (электро) энергию, окна с двойным остекленением, переработка, возобновляемый, расход воды; необработанная вода, коллектор (сточная труба), двуокись