Model: The professor has brought the book. Has the professor brought the book? No, he has not. He has brought the notebook.

Упражнение 18. Прослушайте слова и повторите их за преподавателем. Объясните значение этих терминов:

multi-cellular, somatic cells, epithelial cells, connective cells, contractile cells, digestive, columnar, cubical, ciliated, corpuscles, leucocytes, vertebrates, erythrocytes, haemoglobin, oxygen

A. CLASSIFICATION OF TISSUES

The parts of any multi-cellular animals consist of different kinds of cells. Cells of similar structure and function are arranged in groups or layers which we have known as tissues. The scientists have divided the cells in a multi-cellular animal into: (1) somatic cells or body cells, which constitute the individual animal throughout its life; and (2) germ cells which are associated only with reproduction and continuance of the species. The science has recognized four groups of somatic tissues: epithelial (covering), connective (supporting), including fluid tissues – blood and lymph, contractile (muscular) and nervous. Epithelial tissues cover the body outside and inside, as the skin and the lining of the digestive tract. Scientists have found that structurally the cells in epithelial tissues are flat, cubical, columnar or ciliated. Supporting (connective) tissues bind the other tissues and organs together and support the body.

The blood and lymph serve as means for transport and distribution of materials within the animal body. They consist of fluid plasma containing free cells or corpuscles. Scientists have discovered colorless white blood cells, or leucocytes in all animals with body fluids. The blood of vertebrates also contains red blood cells or erythrocytes colored red by haemoglobin that serves for transport of oxygen.

Vocabulary List

to cover- покрывать cell- клетка numerous- многочисленный tissue - ткань species (sg. и pl.) – вид, виды inside- внутри

to discover- раскрывать fluid-жидкость recent- недавний

to divide - делить layer - слой similar- схожий

to find -находить lining- выстилка

to arrange - устраивать, организовывать reproduction - воспроизводство

Упражнение 1. Прочтите вслух и повторите за преподавателем следующие словоcочетания: different kinds, throughout the life, lining of the digestive tract, continuance of the species, to support the body, distribution of materials, within the body, a fluid plasma.

Упражнение 2. Прочтите еще раз и переведите эти словосочетания на русский язык.

Упражнение 3. Ответьте на следующие вопросы сначала по-русски, а затем попробуйте перевести ваши ответы на английский:

1. Что представляют из себя ткани?

2. На какие основные группы делятся все клетки многоклеточных организмов?

3) Какова функция эпителия?

4. Какова функция соединительной ткани?

5. Какова функция крови и лимфы?

Упражнение 4. Ответьте на вопросы, используя предложения текста.

1. What do we call tissues?

2. What do the parts of any multi-cellular animals consist of?

3. What kinds of body cells do you know?

4. What do the cells of epithelial tissues look like?

5. What is the function of the connective tissues?

6. What is the function of the blood and lymph?

Упражнение 5. Прочтите и повторите текст A по предложениям. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

Упражнение 6. Найдите в тексте A предложения, сказуемое которых стоит в форме Present Perfect.

B. LEUKOCYTES

Leukocytes, or white blood cells, are not so numerous as erythrocytes. The researchers have not yet understood their physiology completely. They have studied well the functions of leukocytes in disease, but not in health. The scientists have made numerous studies of their cytology.

Biologists have divided leukocytes into three main groups: lymphocytes , monocytes, and granulocytes. The granulocytes are characterized by specific granules in their cytoplasm, and the scientists have classed them as neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils according to their staining reactions (staining reactions — особенности окрашивания). Recent opinion is that all leukocytes exert their main functions, not in the blood stream, but in the tissues. The blood is a means of transport of leukocytes.

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский следующие словосочетания:

1) recent opinion 2) staining reactions 3) classed according to staining reactions 4) blood stream

Упражнение 2. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. Into how many groups have the biologists divided leukocytes?

2. What are granulocytes characterized by?

3. How have the scientists classed the granulocytes?

4. Where do the leukocytes exert their function?

Упражнение 3. Перескажите текст B. При пересказе употребите глаголы в форме Present Perfect.

Упражнение 4. Раскройте скобки. Поставьте глаголы, данные в скобках, в одно из времен группы Perfect. Переведите предложения на русский язык:

1. The assistant (to disinfect) the instruments before the operation began.

2. We (to make) numerous experiments before we published new data about main functions of leukocytes.

3. Scientists (to find) that structurally the cells of epithelial tissues are flat, cubical, columnar, or ciliated.

1. We (to publish) the article by May.

Упражнение 5. Переведите предложения на английский язык. Употребите сказуемое в форме Present Perfect.

1. Ученые разделили лейкоциты на 3 группы: лимфоциты, моноциты и гранулоциты.

2. Ученые провели многочисленные исследования в области морфологии лейкоцитов.

3. В недавние годы ученые опубликовали новые сведения о функциях лейкоцитов.

Задание 56. Выучите лексику темы “ Classification of Tissues”.

Задание 57. Перескажите текст A.

Lesson 11 BLOOD SERUM ENZYMES

Задание 58. Прослушайте следующие слова и повторите за преподавателем. Переведите слова на русский язык. Обратите внимание на характерный суффикс прилагательных –al:

clinical, medical, physiochemical, biochemical, experimental, normal, natural, seasonal, financial

Задание 59. Определите прилагательные с отрицательным значением и назовите отрицательные приставки.

1) natural; 2) nonspecific; 3) important; 4) inorganic

1) normal; 2) general; 3) noninfectious 4) unknown

Задание 60. Прослушайте следующие слова и повторите их за преподавателем. По сходству с какими словами в русском языке можно догадаться о значении следующих слов:

orientation, interest, aspect, activity, specific, emphasis, to report, diagnostic, profession, experience, to prevail, infec­tious, percent, tract, information, season, limitation, to adapt.

Упражнение 1. Прослушайте предложения и повторите их за преподавателем. Проверьте знание выделенных слов.

1) A cow is a milk-producing animal.

а) баран б) корова в) домашняя птица

2) A cow is a ruminant.

а) жвачное б) пресмыкающееся

3) A dairy cow is a cow developed for milk production, а) молочная б) мясная

4) Good feeding is of great importance for cattle.

а) сложна б) важна

5) Heart is a muscular organ

а) кровь б) печень в) сердце

Упражнение 2. Прослушайте и повторите за преподавателем новые слова, запомните их значение:

1) Lesion – abnormal change in structure of an organ due to disease.

The professor showed skin lesions to the students.

а) повреждение, поражение б) увеличение в) уменьшение

2) disorder- disease (usually chronic)

The professor investigated cardiac disorders in dogs.

а) заболевание б) выздоровление в) развитие

3) a husbandman - a farmer A husbandman breeds sheep.

а) учитель б) рабочий в) животновод

4) ailing — sick

70 percent of ailing animals had infectious disorders.

а) больных б) здоровых

5) general — relating to the whole, not special or specialized. The report gave us general information about the new methods of vaccination.

а) общий б) развитой в) приспособленный

6) to change — to make different

The climate has changed.

а) изменился б) развивался в) обнаружился

7) Cardiac disorders in cattle were a source of financial loss.

a) потеря б) производство в) прибыль

8) condition – state (state of health), dependence.

The doctor determined the condition of patient as serious.

а) условие б) состояние в) заболевание

Упражнение 3. Прочтите предложения и переведите их. Напоминаем, что форма Present Perfect Passive образуется с помощью вспомогательного глагола to be в Present Perfect (have been, has been) + причастие II основного глагола.

Например: to translate — The text has been translated. .

1) The sick animal has been operated.

2. The sick cow has been treated.

3. The work has been started.

4) The instruments have been disinfected.

Напоминаем, что перевод форм Perfect Passive соответствует общим правилам перевода форм страдательного залога.

Упражнение 4. Прочтите предложения в Past Perfect Passive и переведите их.

Напоминаем, что форма Past Perfect Passive образуется с по­мощью вспомогательного глагола to be в Past Perfect (had been) +

причастие II основного глагола. Например: The text had been translated. The sick animal had been treated by October.

1) The sick animal had been operated.

2) The instruments had been disinfected before the operation began.

Упражнение 5. Повторите конструкцию Future Perfect Passive. Напоминаем, что эта форма образуется с помощью вспомогательного глагола to be в Future Perfect (shall have been, will have been) + причастие II основного глагола.

Например: to translate — The text will have been translated.

1) The animal's temperature will have been taken by 2 o'clock.

2) The operation will have been started by 11 o'clock.

3) The article will have been published.

Упражнение 6. Прослушайте предложения и переведите их.

1) New data on diagnostics of heart diseases have been pub­lished.

2) Certain experience in the diagnostics of heart diseases has been accumulated.

3) The new data on the diagnostics of heart diseases will have been published by the end of the month.

4) The function of blood enzymes had been investigated before the experiment was started.

5) By the end of the year certain experience in diagnostics of heart diseases had been accumulated.

Задание 61. Прочтите предложения и составьте диалог по модели:

Model: Translate text A!