Vocabulary List

muscle [mAsl] n – мышца direction n – направление, указание

radiated muscle – веерообразная мышца tissue[‘tisju:] n – ткань

establish v – устанавливать connective tissue – cоединительная ткань

introduce v – вводить vessel n – сосуд

changev– менять,nизменениеfind(found)v– находить, считать

weightn– весfindout– обнаруживать

dividev– делить, разделятьdetermine[d’tэ;min]v– определять

widea– широкий сontractionn– сокращение, сжатие

Задание 36. Прочтите и переведите текст и следующие словосочетания:

1. the contraction of muscles; 2. the blood vessel wall; 3. the body weight; 4. connective tissue cells; 5. to determine the blood group; 6. a rapid change.

Задание 37. 1. Прочтите текст “ Lecture on Muscles. 2. Напишите план текста. 3. Найдитe: а) инфинитивы, определите их функции и переведите предложения; б) предложения на правила согласования времен и переведите их:

Упражнение 1. В следующих предложениях отметьте инфинитив в различных функциях. Переведите:

1. He can perform this operation in the morning. 2. My friend was the last to come to the lecture. 3. He wants to determine the direction of muscular fibers. 4. Microbiology is one of the most interesting subjects to study.

Упражнение 2. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на отрицательный смысл перевода глагола “to fail”:

1. The researcher failed to draw any conclusion from his numerous experiments. 2. The X-ray examination failed to prove the consolidation in the lung. 3. Nobody failed (at) the examination in Physiology. 4. Sometimes in the man with impaired health phagocytes fail to destroy the invading microorganisms. 5. He failed in Biochemistry as he had not paid enough attention to this subject.

Lesson 8 THE FROG

The frog is a very common amphibian living in swamps, near ponds, lakes, and streams of fresh water. It has a short and rather wide trunk, two forelegs, two hind legs, and an angular flattened head with bulging eyes. In a sitting posture the body rests on the folded hind legs and the extended forelegs. From this position a sudden extension of the hind legs sends up the animal through the air in a leap. The frog moves on land by leaps, it swims in water by means of strokes of its hind legs. The hind foot has five elongated toes connected by membrane, and each forefoot has four toes and a very rudimentary thumb.

There are several varieties of frogs differing from one another in color. The upper side of the head and body and the upper sides of the legs are mostly of brown or green color, while the throat, the belly and the inner sides of the legs are whitish. The skin of the frog is smooth and clammy.

The eyes are prominent structures at the sides of the head. A live frog at rest exhibits pulsating movements in the region of the throat which are concerned with respiration. On the dorsal side of the snout are located two external openings (nostrils) leading to respiratory and olfactory passages through which air gets into the oral cavity and than to the lungs.

The most remarkable structure in the frog is its tongue. Live insects and worms form the principal food of the frog. The tongue is coated with a glutinous substance. The frog catches insects rapidly extending its long forked tongue and then retracting it with the prey. Then the food moistened by the saliva is swallowed passing down the wide esophagus to the stomach and intestines where the process of digestion takes place.

Задание 38. Прочтите и переведите вышеприведенный текст, обращая внимание на необходимые слова и выражения.

common- обычный

swamp- болото,pond- пруд

angular- угловатый,trunk- туловище

forelegs,hindlegs- передние ноги, задние ноги

toes- пальцы (на ногах),thumb– большой палец

sittingposture- сидячее положениеleap- прыжок

elongated- удлиненный,folded- складчатый

throat- горло,belly- живот

smooth- гладкий,clammy- липкий

snout- рыло (у животного передняя часть головы)

nostrils- ноздриolfactoryorgans- органы обоняния

forkedtongue- раздвоенный языкprey- добыча

Задание 39. Обратите внимание на образование форм герундия, запомните эти слова:

to swallow - swallowing to vomit - vomiting

to bleed - bleeding to breath - breathing

to open – opening to extend - extending

Переведите: Bleeding from the lungs may be fatal. Vomiting is a common symptom of the disease. The doctor listened to the breathing of the patient. The throat was sore and the swallowing was painful.

Задание 40. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. What animal is the most common among amphibians? 2. How does the frog move on land and in the water? 3. How can you compare forelegs and hind legs of the frog? 4. Which respiratory organs has the frog? 5. What is a normal food of a frog? 6. By what means can the frog get its food? 7. What is the structure of its tongue? 8. How does the digestion of food in the frog occur?

Задание 41. Перескажите текст “The Frog” по-английски.

Lesson 9 THE FRACTURE

Задание 42. Повторите за преподавателем произношение следующих слов:

iguana, palpable, fracture, incision, trochanter, patella, fascia lata, chromic catgut, femur, mobile, radiograph, to dissect, muscle, segment, corneal reflex, adequately, to anesthetize, pre-anesthetize, postoperatively

Объясните по-русски значение вышеуказанных медицинских терминов.

Задание 43. Прочтите предложения, переведите их, объяснив грамматическое значение выделенных слов, найдите в каждом предложении подлежащее и сказуемое.

1) He took his sick dog to the clinic. The dog was presented for treatment.

2) The doctors applied a new medicine. It healed the patient quickly. The patient is healthy now.

3) The assistant moved the table from one room to another room.

4) The animal didn't move its leg. The leg was fractured.

5) The animal was operated. It was operated by the surgeon.

6) The surgeon makes operations. He repairs fractures.

7) The surgeon repairs bones when they are fractured.

8) Surgical treatment is given to animals with fractured bones.

9) The body is protected by the skin.

10) The surgeon makes an incision of the skin. The skin is incised over the fracture.

11. The incision extended from the trochanter to the patella.

12. The surgeon dissected the muscles.

13. Now the fracture was exposed.

14. After the proper treatment the animal recovered.

15. The recovery was complete. The animal was healthy.

16. The bones healed well. The animal is on the farm now.

17. The doctor gives another medicine to the patient. The doctor replaced the medicine.

Задание 44. Ответьте по-английски на вопрос: “Что мы делаем сейчас?”, используя форму Continuous.

Упражнение 1. Поставьте вопросы по-английски к следующим предложениям:

We are students. We usually pass exams in January. It is January now. Now we are passing exams.

Еще раз обратите внимание на разницу в форме сказуемо­го и на сопутствующие обстоятельства времени.

Usually we pass exams in January. Now we are passing exams.

Упражнение 2. Прочтите следующие предложения и ответьте на вопрос: Когда происходит действие? Возможные варианты ответа: 1. обычно (usually); 2. в данный момент (now).

1. Usually the cattle recover from this common disease.

2. The veterinarians apply new methods of treatment.

3. This surgeon is dissecting the muscles now.

4. The animal is moving its leg.

5. The right leg is moving. It is not fractured.

6. The veterinarians use chromic catgut in operations.

7. The radiograph shows the fracture segments of the femur.

8. The assistant is showing the radiograph to the doctor.

Обратите внимание на выделенные слова в упражнении 2 и

переведите эти сказуемые, а затем и всё предложение.

Итак, Вы видите, что если действие происходит в данный момент, сказуемое состоит из вспомогательного глагола «to be» в соответствующем лице и -ing-овой формы смыслового глагола.

Задание 45. Повторите тему “Continuous”.

Упражнение 3. Прочтите следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на выделенные слова в этом упражнении и переведите предложения:

1) I am a student. Now I am finishing my practical work in anatomy.

2) He is a surgeon. Now he is examining his patient.

3) She is a teacher. She is giving a lesson now.

4) It is a dog. Now it is taking its feed.

5) We are at the library now. We are preparing for our exams.

6) You are at the clinic now. You are administering penicillin to a sick animal.

7) They are scientists. They are studying a new problem now.

Упражнение 4. Закончите предложения, подобрав нужный вариант из правого столбца:

Usually the surgeons is improving his English.

Now the student leave the hostel at 8 o'clock.

Usually I are studying an interesting problem.

Now our students receive patients in the clinic.

Упражнение 5. Поставьте вопросы к предложениям по нижеследующей модели. Помните - в общем вопросе на первое место ставится 1-й эле­мент сказуемого: