1. Answer the questions:

1. What kind of responsibility for health care has the US evolved today? 2. How much money did private citizens and health insurance companies spent on health care in 1986? How much did federal, state and local governments spend? 3. Who financed much of the research on artificial heart? 4. Who paid for artificial heart surgery and patient care? 5. How do most Americans pay their medical bills? 6. How many workers are covered by group insurance plans? 7. How are these plans paid for? 7. What does the individual pay under the most common type of health plan? 8. Who chooses a plan requiring higher premiums? 9. What does the insurance company do in return? 10. What is called the "deductible"? 11. When does the employee have to pay the deductible? 12. What percentage do benefits cover? 13. What do some policies provide? 14. How much is the deductible depending on the plan? 15. What do some insurance plans offer? 16. What is another type of health care available to many workers? 17. What is an HMO? 18. Why do HMOs emphasize preventive health care? 19. What do medical experts credit HMOs with? 20. How many people did HMOs serve in 1987? 21. How do citizens who cannot afford private medical insurance receive medical coverage? 22. What is Medicaid? 23. What varies greatly from state to state? 24. Why has the government decreased Medicaid services? 25. How has the government decreased them? 26. What had Medicaid increased? 27. What is Medicare? 28. How is Medicare financed? 29. What does Medicare pay? 30. Is Medicare a poverty program or a federally administered and supported health insurance? 31. What does one part of Medicare cover? How is it financed? 32. How is another part financed? 33. Who else is covered by Medicare besides the elderly and disabled? 34. What has Medicare felt? 35. What two steps has the government taken in response? 36. What incentive do these two steps provide for the hospital? 37. When does the hospital make a profit? 38. When does it lose money? 39. What other problem does the US confront? 40. Who has no health insurance at least part of the year? 41. What kind of treatment can such individuals obtain? Where and when? 42. What do they often fail to obtain? 43. What could routine medical care prevent? 43. What is the foundation of medical practice in the United States? 44. What do most physicians have with hospitals in the community? 45. In what way does the hospital usually charge patients? 46. Who do some hospitals belong to? 46. What are some medical doctors on? 47. What may salaried physicians work as? 48. Where else can medical doctors work? 49. Who is among the best paid professionals in the US? 50. What was not uncommon for medical doctors in the 1980s? 51. Who might earn several times that amount? 52. What is one reason why doctors deserve to be so well rewarded for their work? 53. What do most would-be physicians do for four years? 54. How much can tuition cost annually at one of the best private institutions? 55. How much can tuition exceed in medical schools? 56. What is the financial position of many young physicians by the time they have obtained their medical degrees? 57. What else do they face after completing their degrees? 58. What other reason for receiving high fees do doctors enlist? 59. Why do sometimes several doctors decide to establish a group practice? 60. When do these physicians take care of each other's patients? 61. What else must physicians and hospitals buy? Why? 62. Why did the rates that physicians were charged for this insurance rise very steeply in the 1970s and '80s? 63. How do physicians work? What must they accept? 64. What do many medical procedures involve? 65. What kind of decisions do physicians have to make? 66. What period is the health care system in the US in today? 67. What did the US no longer face by the mid-1980s? 6JL Where do physicians often prefer to practice? 69. What do many inner city areas and rural communities lack, as a result? 70. What have patients sometimes found frustrating as the number of medical specialties has grown in recent years? 71.How have medical schools responded? 72. What can such family physicians diagnose? Where do they send their patients when necessary? 73. Who perform some routine medical procedures in some communities? 74. What do nurse mid wives manage? When do they call upon obstetricians? 75. What other change in American medical practice does the Humana Corporation's program highlight? 76. What do profit-making corporations compete for? 77. What do liberal and conservative critics maintain concerning health care system in the US? 78. What do they often agree upon? 79. What do many people feel about the health gap between rich and middle class and the poor? 80. What questions have many Americans been debating since the early 1990s? 81. Are the answers to these questions clear-cut? What do these answers involve? 82. What central point do Americans agree upon?