- •In close-up
- •In close-up
- •II d II
- •1. Analyzing a Song
- •2. Interview Practice
- •3. Writing a Resume
- •4. Comprehension Check
- •7. Essay Writing
- •8. Debate
- •1. Previewing and Anticipation
- •2. Scanning
- •3. Comprehension
- •6. Comprehension Survey
- •8. Cloze Summary
- •9. Summary
- •10. Discussion
- •7. Comprehension questions
- •11. Structural Analysis
- •12. Style
- •13. Comment and Discussion
- •1. Text Analysis
- •4. Discussion
- •6. Comprehension
- •7. Comprehension
- •8. Discussion
- •3.Continued
- •9 The Forgotten
- •1. Comprehension
- •2. Anticipation
- •3. Organization of the Text
- •4. Style
- •5. Producing a Filmscript
- •6. Structuring an Article
- •7. Discussion
- •8. Comprehension
- •9. Text Production
- •1. Comprehension
- •2. Text Reproduction
- •3.Discussion
- •4. Text Analysis
- •5. Comprehension Check
- •6. Cloze Comprehension Test
- •7. Guided Letter Writing
- •8. Interpretation of Photos
- •1987 License Laws for Passenger Cars
- •1. Text Analysis
- •2. Global Comprehension
- •3. Discussion
- •1975 1980 1981 1983 1986
- •8 30
- •I 4/86-1
- •4. Comprehension
- •5. Debate
- •6. Modified Cloze Test
- •7. Preparing an Interview
- •I Am The Redman
- •United States
- •1. Interpreting Poems
- •2. Previewing
- •3. Text Analysis
- •4. Comprehension
- •5. Discussion
- •6. Dialogue Practice
- •7. Comprehension
- •8. Discussion
- •9. Interpreting a Cartoon
- •1985 86.8 Million Households:
- •1970 63.4 Million
- •1. Scanning
- •2. Comprehension
- •3. Comprehension
- •I л li II
- •7. Comprehension
- •Independent
- •1. Continued
- •2. Continued
- •9 "If Conservatives Cannot Do It Now..."
- •Inflation
- •1. Comprehension
- •2. Analysis of a Speech
- •3. Questionnaire
- •4. Scanning
- •5. Simulation of a Debate
- •6. Writing Newspaper Articles
- •7. Global Comprehension
- •8. Text Analysis
- •9. Writing a Newspaper Article
- •10. Comprehension
- •11. Comparative Study
- •1981:128 1987:139
- •In the nuclear age, power politics, the struggle
- •9 American Policy in Vietnam:
- •2. Continued
- •It actually played to an American strength. American popular culture,
- •In fact, may be an emissary as important as Ambassador Burt himself—
- •Itself—and its major competitor, Pepsi.
- •1. Text Analysis
- •2. Text Analysis
- •3. Comprehension
- •4. Visual Comprehension
- •6. Interviewing
- •5. Discussion
- •Innovations at Glenbrook South make classes stimulating.
- •0: What are the subjects required in your four years of high school?
- •198 America in close-up
- •0: Is there a strict code of conduct at your school? 0:
- •1. Global Comprehension
- •2. Text Analysis
- •3. Discussion and Comment
- •4. Comprehension
- •5. Interpretation and Discussion
- •6. Dialogue Writing and Interview Practice
- •7. Text Production
- •8. Discussion and Comment
- •9. Comprehension
- •10. Comment and Discussion
- •11. Text Production
- •12. Comprehension
- •13. Text Analysis
- •14. Discussion
- •Religious Information
- •Religious preference
- •Based on national surveys and approximately 29,000 interviews
- •Impoverished within American society. Halfway through his speech, he was
- •1. Comprehension
- •2. Discussion
- •3. Analysis of a Speech
- •4. Note Taking
- •5. Discussion
- •6. Scanning
- •7. Text Analysis
- •8. Letter Writing
- •It's been said that you gave yourself 10 years to become a star. Is that true?
- •1. Structural Outline
- •2. Scanning
- •3. Comprehension
- •4. Interview Practice
- •5. Comparative Study
- •5. Continued
- •1. Comprehension
- •2. Text Analysis and Comment
- •3. Comprehension
- •4. Comprehension
- •5. Letter Writing
- •6.Preparing an Interview
- •Television
- •3. Global Comprehension
- •4. Choosing a tv Program
- •5. Comparative Study
- •6. Text Analysis
- •7. Letter Writing
- •8. Analysis and Discussion
- •9. Comment
Religious Information
Census of Religious Groups in the U.S.
Source: 1987 Yearbook of American and Canadian Churches
The 1987 Yearbook of American and Canadian Churches reported a total of 142,926,363 members of religious groups in the U.S.—59.3 percent of the population; membership fell half a percent from the previous year.
Comparisons of membership statistics from group to group are not necessarily meaningful. Membership definitions vary e.g., Roman Catholics count members from infancy, but some Protestant groups count only "adult" members, usually 13 years or older; some groups compile data carefully, but others estimate; not all groups report annually.
The number of churches appear in parenthess. Asterisk (*) indicates church declines to publish membership figures; (**) indicates figures date from 1977 or earlier.
Group Members
Adventist Christian Ch. (368) 28,830
Primitive Advent Christian Ch. (10) 546
Seventh-day Adventists (4,009) 651,954
American Rescue Workers (20) 2,700
Anglican Orthodox Church (40) 6,000
Baha'l Faith (1650) 100,000
Baptist churches:
Amer. Baptist Assn. (1,641) 225,000
Amer. Baptist Chs. in U.S.A. (5,814) 1,559,683
Baptist General Conference (753) 132,546
Baptist Missionary Assn. of America (1,367) . 227,720 Conservative Baptist Assn. of America
(1,140) 225,000
Duck River (and Kindred) Assn. of Baptists
(85) **8,632
Free Will Baptists (2,548) 217, 838
Gen. Assn. of Regular Baptist Chs. (1,571) .. 300,839 Natl. Baptist Convention of America
(11,398) "2,668,799
Natl. Baptist Convention, U.S.A. (26,000) "5,500.000
Natl. Primitive Baptist Convention (606) "250,000
No. Amer. Baptist Conference (258) 42,863
Seventh Day Baptist General
Conference (60) 5,008
Southern Baptist Convention (36,898) 14,477,364
Brethren (German Baptists):
Brethren Ch. (Ashland, Ohio) (122) 14,229
Christian Congregation (la Follette, IN)
(1,441) 103,990
Fellowship of Grace Brethren (301) 41,733
Old German Baptist Brethren (52) 5,254
Brethren, River:
Brethren in Christ Ch. (185) 16,783
Buddhist Churches of America (100) 100,000
Christadelphians (850) "15,800
The Christian and Missionary Alliance
(1,646) 227,846
Christian Catholic Church (4) 2,500
Christian Churches and Churches of Christ
(5,487) 1,051,469
Christian Methodist Episcopal Church (2,340) .. 718,922
Christian Nation Church U.S.A. (5) 226
Christian Union (114) 6000
Churches of Christ (13,150) 1,604,000
Churches of Christ in Christian Union (260) 11,400
Churches of God:
Chs. of God. General Conference (353) 34,870
Ch. of God (Anderson, Ind.) (2,291) 185,593
Ch. of God (Seventh Day), Denver, Col.
(135) 5,830
Church of Christ, Scientist (3,000)
Church of God by Faith (105) "4,500
Church of the Nazarene (4,989) 522,082
Conservative Congregational Christian
Conference (163) 28,624
Group Members
Eastern Orthodox churches;
Albanian Orth. Diocese of America (10) 5,250
American Carpatho-Russian Orth Greek
Catholic Ch. (70) "100,000
Antiochian Orth Christian Archdiocese of No.
Amer. (120) 280,000
Diocese of the Armenian Ch. of
America (66) "450,000
Bulgarian Eastern Orth. Ch. (13) "86,000
Coptic Orthodox Ch. (28) 115,000
Greek Orth. Archdiocese of N. and S.
America (535) 1,950,000
Orthodox Ch. in America (440) 1,000,000
Patriarchal Parishes of the Russian Orth. Ch.
in the U.S.A. (38) 9,780
Romanian Orth. Episcopate of America (34) . 60,000
Serbian Eastern Orth. Ch. (78) 97,123
Syrian Orth. Ch. of Antioch (Archdiocese of
the U.S.A. and Canada) (22) 30,000
Ukrainian Orth. Ch. of America (Ecumenical
Patriarchate) (28) 25,000
Ukrainian Orthodox Church in the U.S.A.
(107) : "87,745
The Episcopal Church in the U.S.A. (7,274) 2,739,422
American Ethical Union (Ethical Culture
Movement) (23) 3,500
Evangelical Church of North America (138) 12,591
Evangelical Congregational Church of America
(566) 85,150
Evangelical Free Church of America (880) 95,722
Evangelical associations:
Apostolic Christian Chs. of America (80) 16,916
Apostolic Christian Ch. (Nazarean) (48) 2,799
Christian Congregation (1,441) 103,990
Friends:
Evangelical Friends Alliance (217) 24,095
Friends General Conference (505) 31,600
Friends United Meeting (536) 57,443
Grace Gospel Fellowship (52) 4,400
Independent Fundamental Churches of
America (1,019) 120,446
Jehovah's Witnesses (8,220) 730,441
Jewish organizations:
Union of Amer Hebrew Congregations
(Reform) (804) 1,300,000
Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of
America (1,700) 1,000,000
United Synagogue of America (Conservative)
(800) 1,250,000
Latter-day Saints:
Ch. of Jesus Christ (Bickertonites) (53) 2,654
Ch. of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
(Mormon) (8,396) 3,860,000
Reorganized Ch. of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (1,101) 192,082
RELIGION 207
Group Members
Lutheran churches:
American Lutheran Ch. (4,940) 2,332,316
Ch. of the Lutheran Brethren of America
(108) 11,374
Ch. of the Lutheran Confession (67) 8,910
Assn. of Evangelical Lutheran Chs. (272) 110,934
Evangelical Lutheran Synod (116) 19,850
Assn. of Free Lutheran Congregations (156) . 18,205 Latvian Evangelical Lutheran Church of
America (59) 13,576
Lutheran Ch. in America (5,817) 2,898,202
Lutheran Ch.-Missouri Synod (5,876) 2,638,164
Protestant Conference (Lutheran) (9) 959
Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod
(1,179) 415,389
Mennonite churches:
Beachy Amish Mennonite Chs. (83) 5,862
Evangelical Mennonite Ch. (25) 3813
General Conference of Mennonite Brethren
Chs. (128) 16,942
Hutterian Brethren (77) 3,988
Mennonite Ch. (989) 91,167
Old Order Amish Ch. (598) 34,000
Old Order (Wister) Mennonite Ch (38) 9,731
Methodist churches:
African Methodist Episcopal Ch. (6,200) 2,210,000
African Methodist Episcopal Zion Ch.
(6,057) 1,202,229
Evangelical Methodist Ch. (126) 9,040
Free Methodist Ch. of North America (1,048) . 72,223
Fundamental Methodist Ch. (14) 700
Primitive Methodist Ch., U.S.A. (87) 9,978
Reformed Methodist Union Episcopal Ch. 3,800
(18)
Southern Methodist Ch. (150) 7,231
United Methodist Ch. (37,990) 9,266,853
Moravian churches:
Moravian Ch. (Unitas Fratrum), Northern
Province (fOO) 32,415
Moravian Ch. in America (Unitas Fratrum).
Southern Province (56) 21,714
Unity of the Brethren (27) 3,006
Moslems 2,000,000 +
New Apostollic Church of North America (457) .. 33,068
North American Old Roman Catholic Church
(130) 62,380
Old Catholic churches:
Christ Catholic Ch. (6) 1,269
Mariavite Old Cath. Ch. Province of North
America (166) 357,927
No. Amer. Old Roman Cath. Ch. (Schweikert)
(130) 62,380
Group Members
Pentecostal churches:
Apostolic Faith (Portland, Ore.) (54) 4,100
Assemblies of God (10,761) 2,082,878
Bible Church of Christ (6) 4,350
Bible Way Church of our Lord Jesus Christ
World Wide (350) "30,000
Church of God (Cleveland. Tenn.) (5,346) ... 505,775
Church of God of Prophecy (2,051) 73,952
Congregational Holiness Ch. (174) 8,347
Gen. Council. Christian Ch. of No. Amer.
(104) 13,500
Intl. Ch. of the Foursquare Gospel (1,185) ... 177,787
Open Bible Standard Chs (290) 46,351
Pentecostal Assemblies of the World (560) ... "4,500
Pentecostal Church of God (1,142) 89,506
United Pentecostal Ch. Intl. (3,408) 500,000
Pentecostal Free Will Baptist Ch. (130) 10,700
Plymouth Brethren (1,150) 98,000
Polish Natl. Catholic Church of America (162) .. "282,411 Presbyterian churches: Associate Reformed Presbyterian Ch. (Gen
Synod) (172) 36,543
Cumberland Presbyterian Ch. (818) 98,037
Evangelical Presbyterian Ch. (100) 27,000
Orthodox Presbyterian Ch. (171) 18,502
Presbyterian Ch. in America (878) 177,917
Presbyterian Ch. (U.S.A.) (11,572) 3,092,151
Reformed Presbyterian Ch. of No. Amer (71) . 5,146 Reformed churches:
Christian Reformed Ch. in N. America (650) 219,988
Hungarian Reformed Ch. in America (31) 11,000
Protestant Reformed Chs. in America (21) ... 4,544
Reformed Ch. in America (926) 342,275
Reformed Ch. in the U.S. (34) 3,778
The Roman Catholic Church (24,251) 52,654,908
The Salvation Army (1,088) 427,825
The Schwenkfelder Church (5) 2,881
Social Brethren (40) "1,784
Natl. Spiritualist Assn. of Churches (142) 5,558
Gen. Convention, The Swedenborgian Church
(49) 2,245
Unitarian Universalist Assn. (948) 171,838
United Brethren:
Ch. of the United Brethren in Christ (256) ... 26,869
United Christian Ch. (11) 421
United Church of Christ (6,408) 1,683,777
Universal Fellowship of Metropolitan
Community Chs. (230) 34,000
Vedanta Society (13) 1,500
Volunteers of America (607) 36,634
The Wesleyan Church (1,714) 109,541
208 AMERICA IN CLOSE-UP
Major Christian Denominations: How Do They Differ?
Italics indicate that area which, generally speaking, most distinguishes that denomination from any other.
Denomination
Origins
Organization
Authority
Special rites
Baptists
In radical Reformation objections to infant baptism, demands for church-state separation; John Smyth, English Separatist in 1609; Roger Williams, 1638, Providence, R. I
Congregational, I.e., each local church is autonomous.
Scripture; some Baptists, particularly in South, interpret the Bible literally.
Baptism, after about age 12, by total immersion; Lord's Supper.
Church Among evangelical Presbyterians
of in Ky. (1804) and Penn. (1809), in
Christ distress over Protestant
(Dis- factionalism and decline of fervor.
ciples) Organized 1832.
Congregational.
"Where the Scriptures speak, we speak: where the Scriptures are silent, we are silent"
Adult baptism, Lord's Supper
(weekly)
Epis- Henry VIII separated English copal- Catholic Church from Rome, ians 1534, for political reasons.
Protestant Episcopal Church in
U.S. founded 1789.
Bishops in apostolic succession, are elected by diocesan representatives: part of Anglican Communion, symbolically headed by Archbishop of Canterbury.
Scripture as interpreted by tradition; esp, 39 Articles (1563); not dogmatic. Tri-annual convention of bishops, priests, and laymen.
Infant baptism, Holy Communion, others, Sacrament is symbolic, but has real spiritual effect.
Luth- Martin Luther in Wittenberg.
erans Germany, 1517, objected to
Catholic doctrine of salvation by merit and sale of indulgences; break complete by 1519.
Varies from congregational to episcopal: in U.S. a combination of regional synods and congregational polities is most common.
Scripture and tradition as spelled out in Augsburg Confession (1530) and other creeds. These confessions of faith are binding although interpretations vary.
Infant baptism, Lord's Supper. Christ's true body and blood present "in, with, and under the bread and wine."
Metho- Rev. John Wesley began
dists movement, 1738, within Church of
England. First U.S. denomination
Baltimore, 1784.
Conference and superintendent system. In United Methodist Church, general superintendents are bishops—not a priestly order, only an office — who are elected for life.
Scripture as interpreted by tradition, reason, and experience.
Baptism of infants or adults, Lord's Supper commanded. Other rites, inc. marriage, ordination, solemnize personal commitments
Мог- In visions of the Angel Moroni by mons Joseph Smith 1827, in New York, in which he received a new revelation on golden tablets: The Book of Mormon
Theocratic; all male adults are in priesthood which culminates in Council of 12 Apostles and 1st Presidency (1st President, 2 counselors).
The Bible, Book of Mormon and other revelations to Smith, and certain pronouncements of the 1st Presidency.
Adult baptism, laying on of hands (which confers the gift of the Holy Spirit), Lord's Supper. Temple rites; baptism for the dead, marriage for eternity, others.
Ortho- Original Christian proselytizing in dox 1st century; broke with Rome,
1054, after centuries of doctrinal disputes and diverging traditions.
Synods of bishops in autonomous, usually national, churches elect a patriarch, archbishop or metropolitan. These men, as a group, are the heads of the church.
Scripture tradition, and the first 7 church councils up to Nicaea II in 787. Bishops in council have authority in doctrine and policy.
Seven sacraments: infant baptisrr-and anointing, Eucharist (both bread and wine), ordination, penance, anointing of the sick, marriage.
Pente- In Topeka, Kansas (1901), and costal Los Angeles (1906) in reaction to
loss of evangelical fervor among
Methodists and other
denominations.
Originally a movement, not a formal organization, Pentecostalism now has a variety of organized forms and continues also as a movement.
Scripture, individual charismatic leaders, the teachings of the Holy Spirit.
Spirit baptism, esp, as shown in "speaking in tongues": healing and sometimes exorcism: adult baptism. Lord's Supper.
Pres- In Calvinist Reformation in 1500s; byter- differed with Lutherans over ians sacraments, church government. John Knox founded Scotch Presbyterian church about 1560.
Highly structured representational system of ministers and laypersons (presbyters) in local, regional and national bodies (synods).
Scripture
Infant baptism, Lord's Supper; bread and wine symbolize Christ's spiritual presence.
Roman Traditionally, by Jesus who Catho- named St. Peter the 1st Vicar; lies historically, in early Christian
proselytizing and the conversion of imperial Rome in the 4th century.
Hierarchy with supreme power vested in Pope elected by cardinals. Councils of Bishops advise on matters of doctrine and policy.
The Pope when speaking for the whole church in matters of faith and morals, and tradition, which is partly recorded in scripture and expressed in church councils.
Seven sacraments: baptism, contrition and penance, confirmation, Eucharist, marriage, ordination, and anointing of the sick (unction).
United By ecumenical union. 1957, of Church Congregationalists and of Evangelical & Reformed
Christ representing both Calvinist and Lutheran traditions.
Congregational; a General Synod, representative of all congregations, sets general policy.
Scripture.
Infant baptism, Lord's Supper.
RELIGION 209
Practice
Ethics
Doctrine
Other
Denomination
Worship style varies from staid to evangelistic. Extensive missionary activity.
Usually opposed to alcohol and tobacco; sometimes tends towards a perfectionist ethical standard.
Wo creed; true church is of believers only, who are all equal.
Since no authority can stand Baptists between the believer and God, the Baptists are strong supporters of church-state separation.
Tries to avoid any rite or doctrine not explicitly part of the 1st century church. Some congregations may reject instrumental music.
Some tendency toward perfectonism; increasing action programs.
Simple New Testament faith; avoids any elaboration not firmly based on Scripture.
Highly tolerant in doctrinal and Church religious matters; strongly of
supportive of scholarly education. Christ
(Disciples)
Formal, based on Book ol Common Prayer (1549); services range from austerely simple to highly elaborate.
Tolerant; sometimes permissive; some social action programs.
Apostles Creed is basic; otherwise, considerable variation ranges rom rationalist and liberal to acceptance of most Roman Catholic dogma.
Strongly ecumenical, holding talks Epis- with all other branches of copal-
Christendom, ians
Relatively simple formal liturgy ,vith emphasis on the sermon.
Generally, conservative in personal and social ethics; doctrine of "2 kingdoms" (worldly and holy) supports conservatism in secular affairs.
Salvation by faith alone through grace. Lutheranism has made major contributions to Protestant theology.
Though still somewhat divided along ethnic lines (German, Swede, etc.), main divisions are between fundamentalists and liberals.
Lutherans
Worship style varies widely by denomination, local church, geography.
Originally pietist and perfectionist; always strong social activist elements.
No distinctive theological development; 25 Articles abriged from Church of England's 39 not binding.
In 1968, United Methodist Church Metho- joined pioneer English- and dists
German-speaking groups. UMs leaders in ecumenical movement.
Staid service with hymns, sermon. Secret temple ceremonies may be more elaborate. Strong missionary activity.
Temperance; strict tithing. Combine a strong work ethic with communal self-reliance.
God is a material being; he created the universe out of preexisting matter; all persons can be saved and many will become divine. Most other beliefs are traditionally Christian.
Mormons regard mainline churches as apostate, corrupt. Reorganized Church (founded 1860) rejects most Mormon doctrine and practice except Book of Mormon.
Mormons
Elaborate liturgy, usually in the vernacular, though extremely traditional. The liturgy is the essence of Orthodoxy. Veneration of icons.
Tolerant: very little social action; divorce, remarriage permitted in some cases. Priests need not be celibate; bishops are.
Emphasis on Christ's resurrection, rather than crucifixion; the Holy Spirit proceeds from God the Father only.
Orthodox Church in America, orginally under Patriarch of Moscow, was granted autonomy in 1970. Greek Orthodox do not recognize this autonomy.
Orthodox
Loosely structured service with rousing hymns and sermons, culminating in spirit baptism.
Usually, emphasis on perfectionism with varying degrees of tolerance.
Simple traditional beliefs, usually Protestant, with emphasis on the immediate presence of God in the Holy Spirit
Once confined to lower-class Pente-
"holy rollers," Pentecostalism now costal appears in mainline churches and has established middle-class congregations.
A simple, sober service in which the sermon is central.
Traditionally, a tendency toward strictness with firm church- and self-discipline; otherwise tolerant.
Emphasizes the sovereignty and justice of God; no longer doctrinaire.
While traces of belief in predestination (that God had foreordained salvation for the "elect") remain, this idea is no longer a central element in Presbyterianism.
Presbyterians
Relatively elaborate ritual; wide variety of public and private rites, e.g., rosary recitation, processions, novenas.
Theoretically very strict; tolerant in practice on most issues. Divorce and remarriage not accepted. Celibate clergy, except in Eastern rite.
Highly elaborated. Salvation by merit gained through faith. Unusual development of doctrines surrounding Mary. Dogmatic.
Roman Catholicism is presently in Roman
a period of relatively rapid change Cath-
as a result of Vatican Councils I olics and II.
Usually simple services with emphasis on the sermon.
Tolerant: some social action emphasis.
Standard Protestant; Statement of Faith (1959) is not binding.
The 2 main churches in the 1957 United
union represented earlier unions Church
with small groups of almost every of
Protestant denomination. Christ
210 AMERICA IN CLOSE-UP
THREE MAJOR FAITHS
RELIGIOUS DIVERSITY
Religion in America today is built primarily on the structure of Protestantism, Catholicism, and Judaism. Within each of these groups there is great diversity. Among Protestants alone, there are 186 different organizations. Besides the three major groupings of Protestants, Catholics, and Jews, there are about 1,500 major and minor sectarian churches. Among these sects are established groups such as the Quakers and Mormons. There are also bizarre groups such as the Holiness Church, which is a snake-handling cult.
The degree of religious diversity in America becomes evident when one compares the religious composition of American society with that of its neighbors. Mexico's population is 96 percent Catholic. Canada's three largest denominations, Roman Catholic, Anglican, and the United Church of Canada, account for 86 percent of total membership. To account for 86 percent of America's total church membership, it is necessary to add together 19 separate denominations. The First Amendment to the Constitution prohibits an established national religion and protects the individual's right to practice the religion of his or her choice.