Английский язык 3,5 года / Английский язык / Английский язык / D076 / el00_11
.htmТЕМА 11
ТЕМА 11. СОГЛАСОВАНИЕ ВРЕМЕН. КОСВЕННАЯ РЕЧЬ.
В английском языке время глагола в придаточном дополнительном предложении зависит от времени, в котором употребляется глагол в главном предложении. Это правило «согласования времен» представляет особую трудность, когда сказуемое главного предложения выражено глаголом в одной из форм прошедшего времени. В этом случае в придаточных предложениях не могут употребляться формы настоящего и будущего времени глаголов, хотя речь идет о действиях, которые совершаются в настоящем или будут совершаться в будущем:
He asked me where I lived. Он спросил меня, где я живу.
She said (that) she would return tomorrow. Она сказала, что вернется завтра.
Если сказуемое главного предложения выражено глаголом в прошедшем времени, то:
а) Для выражения действия, одновременного с действием главного предложения, в придаточном употребляется Simple Past или Past Continuous (Progressive):
He told me he was tired. – Он сказал мне, что устал.
John told his mother he was going out. - Джон сказал своей матери, что идет на улицу.
б) для выражения действия, предшествующего действию главного предложения, в придаточном предложении употребляются Past Perfect или Past Perfect Continuous (Progressive).
I thought he had passed his exams. - Я думал, что сдал экзамен.
в) для выражения будущего действия по отношению к действию главного предложения в прошедшем времени, в придаточном предложении употребляется одна из форм будущего в прошедшем: Simple Future in the Past, Future Progressive in the Past, Future Perfect in the Past, Future Perfect Progressive in the Past.
В русском языке нет подобных грамматических форм, как нет согласования времен главного и придаточного предложений.
Формы Future in the Past образуются по тем же правилам, что и соответствующие им формы Future: Simple Future, Future Progressive и т.д., только вместо shall и will употребляются should и would.
He said (that) he would start work on a new book. - Он сказал, что начнет работу над новой книгой.
Правила согласования времен соблюдаются в придаточных дополнительных предложениях, в том числе в косвенной речи. В определительных, сравнительных, причинных и других придаточных предложениях они не действуют:
I told him about the book you are reading. Я рассказал ему о книге, которую ты читаешь.
He refused to go to the concert, as he will have an exam tomorrow. Он отказался пойти на концерт, поскольку завтра у него экзамен.
Глаголы must, should , ought употребляются в придаточном предложении независимо от того, в каком времени стоит глагол в главном предложении. Глагол must, однако, в некоторых случаях заменяется на had to.
She said (that) she had to meet her sister. - Она сказала, что ей нужно встретиться с сестрой.
He said I ought to tell her what I think of her. - Он сказал, что я должна сказать ей, что я о ней думаю.
1. Запомните, как осуществляется переход из прямой речи в косвенную:
Прямая речь
Косвенная речь
1. Present Simple/Continuous
“I am working in my father’s office”, she said
Past Simple/Continuous
She said she was working in her father’s office
2. Past Simple/Continuous
Classes started last week, the director explained
Past Simple/Continuous или Past Perfect Simple/Continuos
The director explained that classes started/had started the week before.
3. Present Perfect Simple/Continuous
I have lived in the country all my life,” the old man told me.
Past Perfect Simple/Continuous
The man told me (that) he had lived in the country all his life.
4. Will
“I’ll cook supper”, she said.
Would
She said (that) she would cook supper.
5. Can
“I can play the piano”, said Tom.
Could
Tom said (that) he could play the piano.
Глагол не изменяется,
а) если факты, о которых идет речь, сохраняют силу на данный момент.
“Water boils at 100°C”, the teacher explained.
The teacher told us that water boils at 100°C.
“Test paper starts at 3.30”, said the examiner.
The examiner told us that test paper starts at 3.30.
б) если глагол стоит в Past Perfect/Continuous.
“He had been missing for several months”, she said.
She said he had been missing for several months.
При переходе из прямой речи в косвенную
tomorrow меняется на: the next day, the day afer, the following day.
yesterday the day before, the previous day
last week the week before
here there
this/that the
this morning that morning
today that day
next Friday the following Friday
ago before
2. Вопросы в косвенной речи
A. Общие вопросы (Yes/No questions) не содержат вопросительного слова.
Придаточное предложение присоединяется к главному союзами if или whether (на русский язык они переводится частицей ли).
“Do you work in a bank?” She asked.
She asked if/whether I worked in a bank. - Она спросила работаю ли я в банке.
B. Специальные вопросы (Who questions) начинаются с вопросительного слова.
Придаточное предложение присоединяется к главному с помощью того же вопросительного слова, которое было в вопросе в прямой речи.
“Where does your brother live? he asked her. He asked her where her sister lived.
3. Повелительные предложения в косвенной речи.
“Тake up sport”, the doctor said. - Займитесь спортом, - сказал доктор.
The doctor recommended (that) I take up sport.
Обратите внимание на то , какие структуры используются с глаголом “suggest” (предлагать)
suggest + Ving
suggest + that + should + infinitive without to
suggest + Past Simple.
“Let’s have а party”, she said.
She suggested having a party.
She suggested that we should have a party.
She suggested that we had a party.
Упражнение 1. Преобразуйте следующие вопросы (Yes/No questions) из прямой речи в косвенную.
Пример: “Are you hungry? She asked us if/whether we were hungry.”
“Did you study hard for the exam?” - She wondered ___
“Will you be coming to the concert?” - He wanted to know ___
“Have you seen John this week?” - She asked me ___
“Has Ann been working here long?” - He wanted to know ___
Упражнение 2. Преобразуйте следующие предложения с прямой речью в предложения с косвенной речью.
“If you take my advice you’ll go by train,” Sue told Richard
How about watching TV?” Arthur asked.
Julian: Why don’t you go to the cinema, Gina?
Doctor: You should take more exercises, Miss Brown.
Grandmother: If I were you Ann, I’d wear a scart
“If you take my advice you’ll buy shares in Sony”, John told Arthur.
Упражнение 3. Преобразуйте в следующих предложениях косвенную речь в прямую.
She said she was going to leave the following day.
He said that was the record he had bought two day earlier.
They said the parcel would arrive in two day’s time.
He asked if anyone had come on the previous day.
We told them their flat would be ready the following month.
He said he had called earlier but nobody had answered the door.
She asked him if that day was his birthday.
Упражнение 4 Преобразуйте следующие вопросы (Wh-questions) из прямой речи в косвенную.
Пример: "What's the weather like? - She asked me What was the weather like.
1. "What does Frank do for a living?" I wanted to know ___
2. "How long have you been studying accountancy?" They inquired ___
3. "Where did they go last week?" She wanted to know ___
4. "How can I solve the problem?" I wanted to know___
Упражнение 5. Прочитайте следующий текст и сформулируйте вопросы, которые были заданы Чарльзу на собеседовании.
Charles had a job interview a few days ago at the United Insurance Company. The interview lasted almost an hour, and Charles had to answer a lot of questions.
First, the interviewer asked Charles where he had gone to school.
Then, she asked if he had had any special training. She asked where he had worked.
She also asked whether he was willing to move to another city.
She wanted to know if he could work overtime and weekends.
She asked him how his health was.
She asked him whether he had ever been fired.
She wanted to know why he had had four different jobs in the past year.
And finally, the interviewer asked the most difficult question. She asked Charles why he thought he was more qualified for the position than the other sixty-two people who had applied.
Charles had never been asked so many questions at a job interview before. He doesn't know how well he did, but he tried his best.
TEXT A. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы, приведенные ниже.
OFFICES
The physical surroundings of most modern places of work, especially offices, are becoming more and more similar. Although there are some differences from country to country, one office looks much like another. Office furniture and equipment tends to be similar -desks, chairs, lamps, filing cabinets, computers, phones, photocopiers, etc.
The 'atmosphere' of the workplace can influence the effectiveness of a company's employees. Modern offices are more spacious and better lit, heated, ventilated and air-conditioned than in the past. But of course this is a feature that varies from firm to firm and may be dependent on the size of the company and its corporate 'philosophy'. In some companies, the employees work in large open-plan offices without walls between the departments. In others, the staff works more privately in individual offices.
Work relations with other people at the place of work include relationships with fellow employees, workers or colleagues. A great part of work or job satisfaction -some people say the major portion - comes from 'getting on' with others at work. Work relations will also include those between management and employees. These relations are not always straightforward, particularly as the management's assessment of how you're performing can be crucial to your future career.
Вопросы к тексту:
What is the common feature of most modern places of work?
What pieces of furniture and equipment can be found in any office?
Can the «atmosphere» of the workplace influence the effectiveness of a company’s employees? In what ways?
What is the difference between modern offices and places of work in the past?
What kind of workplace would you prefer: a large open-plan office or an individual office?
What relationships do work relations include?
Where does a great part of work or job satisfaction come from?
Текст В Прчтите текст и выберите к нему подходящий заголовок из предложенных перед текстом.
(Part II)
When in Rome …… Problems that business people face
Travelling abroad Good manners, good business
Doing business in Europe I didn’t mean to be rude!
In Germany, as you walk sadly back to your hotel room, you may wonder why your apparently friendly hosts have not invited you out for the evening. Don't worry, it is probably nothing personal. Germans do not entertain business people with quite the same enthusiasm as some of their European counterparts.
The Germans are also notable for the amount of formality they bring to business. As an outsider, it is often difficult to know whether colleagues have been working together for 30 years or have just met in the lift. If you are used to calling people by their first names this can be a little strange. To the Germans, titles are important. Forgetting that someone should be called Herr Doktor or Frau Direktorin might cause serious offence. It is equally offensive to call them by a title they do not possess.
In Italy the question of title is confused by the fact that every one with a university degree can be called Dottore - and engineers, lawyers and architects may also expect to be called by their professional titles.
These cultural challenges exist side by side with the problems of doing business in a foreign language.
But the more you know of the culture of the country you are dealing with, the less likely you are to get into difficulties. It is worth your effort. It might be rather hard to explain that the reason you lost the contract was not the product or the price, but the fact that you offended your hosts in a light-hearted comment over an aperitif. Good manners are admired: they can also make or break the deal.
Упражнение 6. Отметьте, какие из приведенных ниже высказываний соответствуют содержанию текста, а какие нет.
Visitors to Germany never get taken out for meals.
German business people don't like to be called by their surnames.
Make sure you know what the titles of the German people you meet are.
Italian professionals are usually addressed by their titles.
A humorous remark always goes down well all over the world.
Ответьте на следующие вопросы:
Which of the ideas in the article do you disagree with?
What would you tell a foreign visitor about 'good manners' in your country?
How much do you think international business is improved by knowing about foreign people's customs?
TEXT C. Прочтите текст и раскрыв скобки, определите время, в котором должно стоять сказуемое.
Paul 1) had (have) an interesting experience what he was a student. He 2) ___ (be) at Boston University for nine months and he 3) ___ (begin) to worry about money. He 4) ___ (know) that, if he wanted to continue his studies, he 5) ___ (have to) earn some extra cash. “If I 6) ___ (be) you,” his friend said, “I 7) ___ (do) some nude modeling for the art school. It’s easy work and the models 8) ___ (pay) quite well.” - “That’s a good idea,” said Paul, “I think I 9) ___ (do) that.” On 10) ___ (arrive) at the art school for his first session, Paul 11) ___ (show) to the dressing room where he 12) ___ (take off) all his clothes and 13) ___ (put on) a robe. Then he entered the studio where about twenty art students 14) ___ (sit) in front of an empty chair. He walked up to it, took off his robe and sat down. Some of the students started 15) ___ (giggle) and Paul 16) ___ (cannot\understand) why. He 17) ___ (sit) there for three minutes when a professor ran into the room. “You 18) ___ (make) a mistake,” he said. “You are in the wrong room!” He 19) ___ (enter) the class where the students were supposed 20) ___ (paint) an empty chair!”
Таблица неправильных глаголов