Vocabulary

to refer to	относить к ч-л.	genetically	генетически
harmful	вредный, опасный	to be disposed to smth.	быть предрасположенным к ч-л.
goal	цель	upbringing	воспитание
youthful offenders	малолетние преступники	sturdy body	сильный
juvenile delinquency	юношеская преступность	to delay the satisfaction of desires	откладывать удовлетворение желаний
to skyrocket	взлетать	tension	напряжение
to predict-	предсказывать	poverty	бедность
to prevent	предотвращать	nature versus nature	биологическое против социального
maturation process	процесс взросления	physical abuse	физическое оскорбление
substantial	существенный	verbal abuse	словесное оскорбление
to peak at	достигать пика	erratic discipline	patternsнеустойчивые образцы поведения
gradually	постепенно	to cease	прекращаться
to decrease	снижаться	juvenile correction institutions	юношеские (детские) исправительные учреждения

I. Match the synonyms:

a) To predict, erratic, harmful, goal, gradually, to decrease, to cease, upbringing, tension

b) Destructive, to forecast, unpredictable, slowly, aim, to diminish, to stop, strain, rearing.

2. Match the words and their definitions:

To skyrocket, to predict, to cease, maturation, gradually, to prevent, disposed, sturdy, tension, abuse, erratic, nurture.

1. The process of becoming adult.

2. To say that smth. will happen in the future.

3. Willing or prepared to do smth.

4. To stop happening or existing.

5. To rise quickly to a very high level.

6. To stop smb. from doing smth.

7. Slowly, over a long period of time.

8. Unfair, cruel or violent treatment of smb.

9. Care and encouragement given to smb. or smth. while they are growing.

10. Not happening at a regular time.

11. Physically strong and healthy.

12. A situation in which people don’t trust each other.

2. Make your own sentences using the following word combinations:

Juvenile delinquency, maturation process, juvenile correction institutions, to delay the satisfaction of desires, erratic discipline patterns.

2. Read the text.

Juvenile delinquency

Childhood is a time of joy and innocence for most people: for others, life turns violent and so do they. Criminal acts of young persons are referred to broadly as juvenile delinquency. In some countries delinquency includes conduct that is antisocial, dangerous, or harmful to the goals of society. The general tendency is to limit the term to activities that if carried out by an adult would be called crimes, but in the United States since the 1980s juvenile delinquents are often referred to as "youthful offenders". The age at which juveniles legally become adults varies from country to country, but it generally ranges from 15 to 18. Clearly the problem has skyrocketed: for example, in 1990 rates of arrest in California for burglary, theft, car theft, arson and robbery are higher among juveniles than among adults.

Sociological research has established such bases for predicting delinquent behaviour as the nature of a child's home environment, the quality of the child's neighbourhood, and behaviour in school. It has never been conclusively proved; however, that delinquency can be either predicted or prevented. It is far likelier that delinquency is an integral part of society and probably part of the maturation process that some children go through.

Causes and effects

For the majority of young offenders, delinquency seems to be a phase passed through on the way to adulthood. Delinquent acts begin at about age of 10 or 11, though there has been a substantial increase in even younger offenders in recent years. The most serious activities peak at 14 or 15 years of age and then begin to decline for the next several years. The exceptions to this generalization are some older youths who get involved in car theft, robbery, burglary, and even murder. They may well become adult criminals. For the majority, delinquent activities gradually decrease and may cease altogether as young people enter their 20s and face the prospect of full-time work and marriage. It does seem to be true, however, that the earlier in life delinquent activities are begun, the likelier it is that the pattern will persist — particularly in offenders who are convicted and sentenced to juvenile correction institutions.

Nature-nature controversy

Nature versus nature. There has been much controversy among psychologists and sociologists in the late 20th century concerning whether some people are genetically disposed to crime or whether illegal acts have their origin in one's upbringing and environment. There is evidence to support both views. Those who believe that there is a genetic disposition to crime have noted certain physical and personality differences between delinquents and non-delinquents. Delinquents have been found to have sturdier bodies and to act in a more aggressive way than non-delinquents. In their personality traits, delinquents are more extroverted, narcissistic, and impulsive, and less able to delay the satisfaction of desires. Some psychologists believe that there is an inherited flaw in the genetic makeup of a criminal that leads to rejection of society's standards. Others note that many violent prisoners have higher than normal levels of the male sex hormone testosterone.

The contrary opinion tends to view delinquents as not substantially different from the remainder of the population. Not all sturdily built individuals, for instance, become criminals; many make their living as athletes or in a variety of professions. Studies in Great Britain have shown that delinquents tend to come from families where there is tension and much difficulty in interpersonal relationships. Family breakdown is also found to be a significant factor. The United States Bureau of Justice Statistics reports that in the late 1980s, about 70 per cent of the juveniles in state reform institutions grew up in single parent (usually with the mother as head of household) or no-parent families.

Many delinquents come from homes where the parents abuse alcohol or drugs or are themselves criminals. Poverty, physical and verbal abuse, parents with little respect for themselves, and erratic discipline patterns emerge as contributing factors in such research. Beatings by parents or others can cause injuries to the brain, which in turn frequently cause neurological problems, paranoia, hallucinations or violent behaviour.

2. Answer the questions:

1. What is juvenile delinquency?

2. Why has the problem of juvenile delinquency skyrocketed?

3. At what age do delinquent acts begin and end?

4. What are the reasons of the illegal acts?

5. Are people genetically disposed to crime?

6. What are the personality traits of delinquents?

7. How do upbringing and environment influence delinquents?

8. Is juvenile delinquency a vital topic in your country?

2. Agree or disagree with the following statements:

1. Childhood is a time of joy and innocence for all people.

2. Juvenile delinquency includes conduct that is useful to the goals of society.

3. In 1990 rates of arrest in California for burglary, theft, arson and robbery are higher among adults that among juveniles.

4. Delinquency is an integral part of society and part of the maturation process that some adults go through.

5. Delinquent acts begin at about age of 20-21.

6. The most serious activities peak at 17-18 years of age and then begin to decline for the next several years.

7. Psychologists think that some people are generally disposed to crime.

8. There are no personality differences between delinquents and non-delinquents.

Studies in Great Britain have shown that delinquents tend to come from homes when the parents are criminals themselves.