Vocabulary:

1. topertain- принадлежать; иметь отношение к

2. indirectly – косвенно

3. legal issue – юридический вопрос

4. manifold - множественный, многочисленный, разнообразный

5. unprecedented - беспрецедентный; беспримерный

6. diminishing - уменьшающийся, убывающий

7. fossil-fuel – ископаемое топливо

8. composite material– композиционный материал, композит

9. torevolve- вращаться; вертеться, поворачиваться

10. to undertake - предпринимать, совершать

11. to ally – объединять, соединять

12. tounderwrite- обеспечивать, покрывать (расходы какого-л. проекта)

13. allocation- назначение; распределение (средств, ресурсов)

14. quidproquo(лат.) - услуга за услугу, компенсация

15. indigenous– местный

16. liability - обязательство, ответственность

17. tocease- переставать (делать что-л.), прекращать

18. exposure- подвергание (какому-л. воздействию)

19. maintenance- поддержка, эксплуатация, техническое обслуживание

20. tocarryover– переносить, переходить (в собственность)

I. Answer the following questions:

1. What are the most influential changes in a modern aircraft manufacturing?

2. What do the social issues include nowadays?

3. Why do the manufacturers from different countries ally themselves?

4. Why do most aircraft companies cease the manufacture of the smaller types of personal aircraft?

5. Why are the large planes considered to be much more reliable than the small single-engine ones?

II. Find the English equivalents of the following phrases in the text:

• основные принципы (правила)

• огромные изменения

• международное сотрудничество (взаимосвязь)

• желание человека путешествовать

• большое увеличение цен на топливо

• чрезвычайно дорогой (по цене)

• размещение продукции

• вероятность повреждений (поломок)

• высококвалифицированные (подготовленные) пилоты

• необычайный рост (увеличение)

III. Make up your own sentences with the following phrases:

• желание человека путешествовать

• чрезвычайно дорогой

IV. Give the definitions to the following words:

• principle

• variety

• change

• personal

• damage

• allocation

• potential

V. Read the following statements and discuss them with a partner:

1. The basic principles of flight that the Wright brothers applied still pertain.

2. The most influential changes are the broad variety of applications of computer technology in all aspects of aviation.

3. For larger aircraft it is now common practice for manufacturers from different countries to ally themselves to underwrite a new design.

4. The exposure to damages from a large number of small single-engine planes is greater than the exposure of a few larger planes.

Giving your opinion you may find the following expressions helpful:

By the way as for me I’d like to know

I see I’m afraid I wonder

It seems to me that I don’t know exactly If I’m not mistaken tu-134 and tu-154 Set for Airplane Graveyard By Sergei Dmitriyev, The Moscow News

Russia’s medium-haul airliners TU-154 and TU-134 will be withdrawn from operation within the next five years, announced Igor Levitin, Russia’s Transportation Minister. The air crash of a TU-154 near the Ukrainian city of Donetsk (August 22, 2006) probably was the deciding factor in favor of the decision. The Russian flagship air carrier Aeroflot has already confirmed that it will scrap its TU-134 aircraft by 2008, while the TU-154 will be discontinued from service by 2010. Nevertheless, the Interstate Aviation Committee still considers these aircrafts commercially viable. In fact, Russian companies have two alternatives: to use new Russian planes or to purchase used American Boeing and European Airbuses. It is known that around 270 airplanes need to be replaced.

On the one hand, the airlines usually prefer leasing used Boeing and Airbuses, because they are cheaper than domestic newly-made airliners. On the other hand, Russian producers offer modern aircraft able to compete with the European and American models, but their efforts have so far been going nowhere.

However, Aeroflot made a mixed decision in favor of Sukhoi SuperJet-100 short-hauler and Airbus-320 mid-hauler.

The key position belongs to Sergei Ivanov, a First Deputy Prime Minister of Russia and the head of the recently created United Aircraft Building Corporation (UABC), the organization, which unites all the leading Russian aircraft manufacturers. It will first and foremost be engaged in the development of the civil aircraft industry and is become a competitor for such air giants as Boeing and Airbus. By the way, Ivanov remarked that such models as IL-96, TU-204, TU-214, a new regional RRJ and MS-21 mid-hauler are very promising projects; nevertheless, these aircrafts enjoy greater popularity in Middle Eastern countries and Cuba than in Russia.

The experts, however, say that the decision to get rid of Tupolevs was made too hastily and that both the TU-134 and TU-154 could have operated for at least another 10 years.

The fact is that not a single Tu-154 or TU-134 crashed due to technical failure within the last 10 years; the accidents were the result of human error. Thus, it would be logical to suggest better training for pilots, taking advantage of new computer trainers, now able to simulate every unexpected situation that could occur on a real flight. Significantly, neither Boeing nor Airbus aircraft have been removed from operation because of air crashes.

The short-hauler TU-134 aircraft, launched in 1967, became one of the most successful projects in passenger aircraft design. It became the first Russian passenger airliner that was certified to English standards of airworthiness. Its total production reached 852 aircrafts.

The TU-154 mid-hauler was launched in 1972. To date, more than 900 TU-154s have been produced. Along with the TU-134, it has been the main air carrier in Russia for several decades.

P.S. Tupolev is one of the leading Russian companies providing full-package services, including design, manufacturing and support of up-to-date civil aircrafts.