Саушкин О. В. Тяговый расчет трактора

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H;SB? IHEH@?GBY

Ly]h\uc jZkq_l ljZdlhjZ y\ey_lky h^gbf ba \Z`guo jZa^_eh\ dmjkZ l_hjbb ljZdlhjZ < g_f h[h[s_g fZl_jbZe ly]h\hc ^bgZfbdb Z lZd`_ lhi- eb\ghc wdhghfbqghklb ljZdlhjZ ijb \uiheg_gbb bf hkgh\ghc k\h_c l_ogh- eh]bq_kdhc nmgdpbb

< ly]h\hf jZkq_l_ hkms_kl\ey_fhf \ ijhp_kk_ ijh_dlbjh\Zgby hij_- ^_eyxl hkgh\gu_ iZjZf_lju ljZdlhjZ dhlhju_ oZjZdl_jbamxl hkgh\gu_ _]h wdkiemZlZpbhggu_ dZq_kl\Z ly]h\h kdhjhklgu_ b fhsghklgu_ ihdZaZl_eb Z lZd`_ ihdZaZl_eb lhieb\ghc wdhghfbqghklb

JZkq_l wlbo ihdZaZl_e_c hkms_kl\ey_lky ih ba\_klguf nhjfmeZf l_h- jbb ljZdlhjZ k bkihevah\Zgb_f bkoh^guo ^Zgguo ijb\_^_gguo \ bg^b\b^m- Zevguo ^ey dZ`^h]h klm^_glZ l_ogbq_kdbo aZ^Zgbyo ijbe

G_^hklZxsb_ ^ey jZkq_lZ ^Zggu_ klm^_glu hij_^_eyxl kZfhklhyl_ev- gh hjb_glbjmykv gZ bo agZq_gby ijb\_^_ggu_ \ l_ogbq_kdbo hibkZgbyo b oZjZdl_jbklbdZo ljZdlhjZ ijhlhlbiZ Z lZd`_ \ ijbeh`_gbyo wlh]h ihkh[by Ijb \u[hj_ ljZdlhjZ ijhlhlbiZ gZ^h mqblu\Zlv qlh jZaebqgu_ agZq_gby

ghfbgZevghc ly]h\hc kbeu Pdjg aZ^Zggu_ bg^b\b^mZevgufb aZ^Zgbyfb fh-

]ml oZjZdl_jbah\Zlv h^bg b lhl `_ ly]h\uc deZkk l d lbiZ` ljZdlhjh\ kf ijbe ^himkdZ_l hldehg_gb_ wlhc kbeu hl ghfbgZeZ oZjZdl_jbamxs_]h ly- ]h\uc deZkk ljZdlhjZ

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ω ^ , ω dL m]eh\u_ kdhjhklb khhl\_lkl\_ggh \ZeZ ^\b]Zl_ey b dhe_kZ i -

lhc hkb ljZdlhjZ

df, dn ± dhwnnbpb_glu ijbkihkh[ey_fhklb ^\b]Zl_ey ih djmlys_fm fhf_glm b khhl\_lkl\_ggh ih qZklhl_ \jZs_gby \ZeZ ^\b]Zl_ey

N dj , N f ly]h\Zy djxdh\Zy fhsghklv b khhl\_lkl\_ggh fhsghklv aZljZq_ggZy gZ kZfhi_j_^\b`_gb_ ljZdlhjZ

N f , Nδ f_oZgbq_kdb_ ihl_jb fhsghklb \ ljZgkfbkkbb b ^\b`bl_e_ b khhl\_lkl\_ggh ihl_jb fhsghklb gZ [mdkh\Zgb_ ljZdlhjZ

η f , η L f_oZgbq_kdbc DI> b khhl\_lkl\_ggh ly]h\uc DI> ljZdlhjZ

r, rkl, r^ jZ^bmku ig_\fhdhe_kZ khhl\_lkl\_ggh k\h[h^guc klZlbq_- kdbc ^bgZfbq_kdbc

pr ^Z\e_gb_ \ha^moZ \ ig_\fhrbg_ \ klZlbq_kdhf iheh`_gbb L [ZaZ dhe_kgh]h ljZdlhjZ

hdj \ukhlZ ebgbb ly]b gZ^ iehkdhklvx dhglZdlZ ^\b`bl_ey ljZdlhjZ k ]jmglhf \ukhlZ ebgbb ijbp_iZ djxdZ

r^ , t] , za\ ^bgZfbq_kdbc jZ^bmk \_^ms_]h dhe_kZ ]mk_gbqgh]h ljZdlh- jZ rZ] ]mk_gbpu b qbkeh a\_gv_\ ljZdh\ mdeZ^u\Z_fuo aZ h^bg h[hjhl \_- ^ms_]h dhe_kZ

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f_ ^\b`_gby ijb[eb`_ggh jZ\_g [1]

AgZq_gby klZlbq_kdh]h dhwnnbpb_glZ λ kl ^ey jZaebqguo lbih\ ljZdlhjh\ ijb\_^_gu \ lZ[e ijbe 3.

Dhgkljmdlb\gu_ iZjZf_lju hdj b L j_dhf_g^m_lky klm^_glZf \u[b-

jZlv kZfhklhyl_evgh hjb_glbjmykv ijb wlhf gZ ^Zggu_ ljZdlhjZ ijhlhlbiZkf ijbe < hkgh\ghf ijb ly]h\hf jZkq_l_ fh`gh ijbgbfZlv ^ey \k_o

lbih\ ljZdlhjh\ hdj = 0,4 f .

Ih^[hj ig_\fhrbg b jZkq_l ^bgZfbq_kdbo jZ^bmkh\

Ih^[hj ig_\fhrbg hkms_kl\ey_lky ih \_ebqbg_ jZkq_lguo gZ]jmahd Qi gZ gbo b ijbgylh]h \gmlj_gg_]h ^Z\e_gby \ha^moZ prL \ rbgZo <_ebqbgZ

gZ]jmahd Q2 gZ aZ^gb_ dhe_kZ ljZdlhjh\ D D b D ijb gZ\_rb\Zgbb k_evkdhohayckl\_gguo fZrbg \hajZklZ_l ihwlhfm ih^[bjZlv rbgu gm`gh lZd qlh[u ^ey aZ^gbo dhe_k [ue aZiZk ]jmahih^t_fghklb ihjy^dZ l _

Q1 = 0,5 G1kl ; Q2 = 0,5 1,3 G2kl .

Djhf_ lh]h g_h[oh^bfh j_a_j\bjh\Zlv ^ey dhe_kguo ljZdlhjh\ D aZiZk ]jmahih^t_fghklb gZ ig_\fhrbgu i_j_^g_]h fhklZ ihjy^dZ l d gZ i_- j_^gbc fhkl fh]ml gZ\_rb\Zlvky jZaebqgu_ l_ogheh]bq_kdb_ hjm^by

>ey ljZdlhjh\ D [ rbgu i_j_^gbo b aZ^gbo dhe_k ih^[bjZxlky h^b- gZdh\ufb ih gZ]jmad_ Q1 Ijb \u[hj_ jZkq_lguo agZq_gbc prL ke_^m_l mqblu\Zlv ^Zggu_ ijb\_^_ggu_ \ lZ[e

Ih jZkq_lguf agZq_gbyf Qi b prL kh]eZkgh ^Zgguo ijb\_^_gguo \

ijbe hkms_kl\ey_lky ih^[hj klZg^Zjlguo rbg lZ[e b hij_^_eyxlky ^ey wlbo rbg lZ[e ke_^mxsb_ iZjZf_lju gZjm`gu_ k\h[h^gu_ ghfb-

]^_ ci ghjfZevgZy `_kldhklv rbgu Q^L ghjfZevgZy gZ]jmadZ gZ rbgm Ijb[eb`_ggh `_kldhklv rbgu fh`gh hp_gblv ih nhjfme_ O_c^_d_ey [14]:

rbgu rci = 0,5 bi ( bi - rbjbgZ ijhnbey rbgu

>ey kijZ\db \ lZ[e ijb\_^_gu agZq_gby `_kldhkl_c g_dhlhjuo ljZd- lhjguo ig_\fhrbg

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>Z\e_gb_ \ha^moZ \ rbgZo gZ jZaebqguo jZ[hlZo

<_ebqbgZ r^L ih^kqblZggZy ih nhjfme_ y\ey_lky i_j_f_gghc l d hgZ aZ\bkbl hl Q^L Z ke_^h\Zl_evgh b hl Pdj H^gZdh klZlbklbq_kdbc ZgZeba wdki_jbf_glZevguo ^Zgguo k\b^_l_evkl\m_l h lhf qlh gZ ly]_ \ ahg_ lj_- [m_fuo agZq_gbc ly]h\h]h DI> ljZdlhjZ η T ≥ 0,95 η T max agZq_gb_ r^L ba- f_gy_lky g_kms_kl\_ggh ihwlhfm ijb ly]h\hf jZkq_l_ fh`gh r^L ijbgbfZlv ihklhygguf b ih^kqblu\Zlv _]h ih wfibjbq_kdhc nhjfme_ [ 1]

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Hij_^_e_gb_ [mdkh\Zgby ljZdlhjZ

Ijb ijh\_^_gbb ly]h\uo bkiulZgbc ljZdlhjZ [mdkh\Zgb_ hij_^_ey_lky wdki_jbf_glZevgh Ijb ijh_dlghf ly]h\hf jZkq_l_ fh`gh bkihevah\Zlv wdk- i_jbf_glZevgmx djb\mx [mdkh\Zgby ljZdlhjZ ijhlhlbiZ _keb `_ lZdhc djb- \hc g_l lh ^ey __ ihkljh_gby bkihevamxl jZaebqgu_ l_hj_lbq_kdb_ wfibjb- q_kdb_ aZ\bkbfhklb dhlhju_ hljZ`Zxl k ^hklZlhqghc ^ey bg`_g_jghc ijZd- lbdb j_Zevguc oZjZdl_j baf_g_gby [mdkh\Zgby ijb i_j_f_gghc djxdh\hc gZ]jmad_

< dmjkh\hc jZ[hl_ ^ey ih^kq_lZ [mdkh\Zgby ^ey jZaebqguo agZq_gbc dZkZl_evghc kbeu ly]b Pd j_dhf_g^m_lky bkihevah\Zlv nhjfmem:

Pdij ij_^_evgh_ fZdkbfZevgh_ agZq_gb_ kbeu ly]b Pd ijb dhlhjhf gZqb-

gZ_lky ijhp_kk ihegh]h [mdkh\Zgby ljZdlhjZ δ → 1 hij_^_ey_fh_ ih nhj- fme_

Pdij = ϕ djijGkp + Pf ,

δ ij agZq_gb_ [mdkh\Zgby ijb dhlhjhf gZqbgZ_lky ijhp_kk ihegh]h [mdkh\Z-

gby ljZdlhjZ wlh agZq_gb_ [mdkh\Zgby khhl\_lkl\m_l kbe_ ly]b Pd = Pdijkf gZijbf_j jbk ijbf_j ijbe

J_dhf_g^m_fu_ agZq_gby iZjZf_ljh\ \oh^ysbo \ nhjfmem ijb\_- ^_gu \ ijbe

Hij_^_e_gb_ f_oZgbq_kdh]h DI> ljZdlhjZ

F_oZgbq_kdbc DI> ljZdlhjZ mqblu\Z_l ihl_jb fhsghklb \ ljZgkfbk- kbb b ^\b`bl_e_ ljZdlhjZ b hij_^_ey_lky ih nhjfme_

k_gbqgh]h ljZdlhjh\ [8]), η lj f_oZgbq_kdbc DI> ljZgkfbkkbb ijb ly]h\hf

jZkq_l_ ijbgbfZ_lky ihklhygguf ^ey \k_o i_j_^Zq b hij_^_ey_lky ih nhj- fme_ [14]

]^_ η 1 , η 2 DI> pbebg^jbq_kdhc b khhl\_lkl\_ggh dhgbq_kdhc iZju r_kl_- j_gguo dhe_k η 1 = 0,985...0,990 , η 2 = 0,975...0,980 ), η 3 DI> ieZg_lZjgh- ]h jy^Z η 3 = 0,990 ); n1 , n2 , n3 qbkeh ihexkh\ aZp_ie_gby pbebg^jbq_-

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kdbo dhgbq_kdbo r_kl_j_gguo dhe_k b khhl\_lkl\_ggh qbkeh ieZg_lZjguo jy^h\ hij_^_ey_fuo ih dbg_fZlbq_kdhc ko_f_ ljZgkfbkkbb ijh_dlbjm_fh- ]h ljZdlhjZ

Dbg_fZlbq_kdZy ko_fZ ljZgkfbkkbb ijh_dlbjm_fh]h ljZdlhjZ jZajZ[Z- lu\Z_lky klm^_glZfb kZfhklhyl_evgh k mq_lhf aZ^Zgby gZ dmjkh\mx jZ[hlm b \u[jZgghc dbg_fZlbq_kdhc ko_fu ljZdlhjZ ijhlhlbiZ GZ g_c hljZ`Zxlky lhevdh i_j_^Zqb ijyfh]h oh^Z hkgh\gh]h jZ[hq_]h ^bZiZahgZ kf gZijbf_j jbk ijbf_jh\ b ijb\_^_gguo khhl\_lkl\_ggh \ ijbe b

>ey iheghijb\h^guo dhe_kguo ljZdlhjh\ k dhe_kghc nhjfmehc D f_oZgbq_kdbc DI> ih^kqblu\Z_lky ih nhjfmeZf b ^ey dZ`^h]h ijb-

\h^Z d \_^msbf dhe_kZf η f1 b η f2 Ijb wlhf ih^kq_l ihdZaZl_e_c n1 , n 2 b n3 ijhba\h^blky g_aZ\bkbfh ^ey dZ`^h]h ba ijb\h^h\ H[sbc f_oZgbq_-

kdbc DI> \k_c ljZgkfbkkbb ih^kqblu\Z_lky ih nhjfme_

η f = α 1η f1 + α 2η f2 ,

]^_ dhwnnbpb_glu α 1 b α 2 \ wlhc nhjfme_ hij_^_eyxl ^heb fhsghklb Ne, i_j_^Z\Z_fu_ khhl\_lkl\_ggh gZ i_j_^gbc b aZ^gbc fhklu ljZdlhjZ

α 1 = N1e/Ne ; α 2 = N 2e/Ne ; α 1 + α 2 = 1.

?keb wlb ^heb fhsghklb \ujZablv k ^hklZlhqghc ^ey bg`_g_jguo jZk- q_lh\ lhqghklvx ijb[eb`_ggufb \ujZ`_gbyfb α 1 = Y g/Gw b α 2 = Y2g/Gw, lh \ j_amevlZl_ ihemqbf nhjfmem ih dhlhjhc fh`gh hp_gblv agZq_gb_ h[s_]h f_oZgbq_kdh]h DI> ljZdlhjZ

η f = η f1 Y1g + η f2 Y2g .

Gw Gw

Hij_^_e_gb_ ghfbgZevghc fhsghklb b ih^[hj ^\b]Zl_ey

GhfbgZevgZy fhsghklv ^\b]Zl_ey N g g_h[oh^bfZy ^ey h[_ki_q_gby ghfbgZevgh]h ly]h\h]h mkbeby Pdjg ijb aZ^Zgghc kdhjhklb ^\b`_gby hij_- ^_ey_lky ^ey \k_o lbih\ ljZdlhjh\ ih nhjfme_

]^_ vT 1 l_hj_lbq_kdZy kdhjhklv ljZdlhjZ gZ hc i_j_^Zq_ ijb jZ[hl_ ^\b]Z- l_ey \ ghfbgZevghf j_`bf_ ijb n^ = ng ) ; ka dhwnnbpb_gl aZ]jmadb ^\b]Z- l_ey ih fhf_glm ijbgbfZ_f k a = 0,9 ); η f agZq_gb_ f_oZgbq_kdh]h DI>

ljZgkfbkkbb ljZdlhjZ AgZq_gb_ l_hj_lbq_kdhc kdhjhklb vT 1 ^ey dZ`^h]h aZ^Zgby ijb\_^_gh \ lZ[e ijbe

>ey ljZdlhjh\ ]mk_gbqguo b dhe_kguo k nhjfmehc D nhjfmeZ

y\ey_lky lhqghc ^ey dhe_kguo iheghijb\h^guo ljZdlhjh\ k nhjfmehc D wlZ nhjfmeZ y\ey_lky ijb[eb`_gghc agZq_gb_ ihlj_[ghc ghfbgZevghc fhsghklb hdZau\Z_lky g_kdhevdh aZ\ur_gguf