6. Глоссарии

Author – earlier, around 1700, author was synonymous with editor (as in ‘editor of a journa’); later it was synonymous with writer. In the 20^th cntury, convntional assumptions about the definition of author have ben called into qustion by Walter Benjamin (‘The Author as Producer’), Roland Barthes (‘death of the Author’), an Michel Foucaclt (‘What is an Author?’).

Autobiography – the story of a person’s life as written by that person. Although a common loose uses of the term includes memoirs, diaries, and letters, distinctions among these forms need to be made. Diaris, Journals and letters ar not xtended, organized NARRATIVES prepared for the public eye; autobiographies and memoirs are. But, whereas memoirs deal at least in part with pulic events and notedprsonages othr than the author, an autobiography is a connected narrative of the author’s life, with some stress on introspection.

Ballad- a form of verse to be sung or recited and characterized by its presentation of a dramatic or exciting episode in simple narrative form. Though the ballad is a form still much written, the so called popular ballad in most literatures belongs to the early periods before written literature was highly devloped.

Ballade – one of the most popular of the artificial French verse forms. The ballade should not, howver, be confused with ballad the ballade form has been rather liberally interpreted. Early usage most frequntly demanded three stanzas and an envoy, though the number of lines per sranza and of syllables per line varied. Typical earmarks of the ballade have been: (1) the refrain (uniform as to wording) recurring regularly at the end of each stanza and of the envoy; (2) the envoy, a peroration of climactic importance and likely to be adressd to a patron; and (3) the use of only three rhymes in the entire poem, occuring at the same position in each stanza and with no rhyme-word repated except in refrain. Stanzas of varied length have ben used in the ballade, but the commonest is ight lines rhyming ababbcbc, with bcbc for envoy. A good early example of English ballade form is Chaucer’s “Ballade de bon conseyl’.

Play – a literary composition of any length, ordinarily written to be performed by actors who impersonate the characters, speak the dialogue, an enact the appropriate actios. A play usually, but not always, assumes that this nactmnt will be on a stage bfore an audince.

Poetry –a term applied to the many forms in which human beings have given rhythmic expression to their most intense perceptions of the world.

Plot – although an indispensable part af all fiction and drama, plot is a concept about which there has been much disagreement. The minimal definition of plot is “pattern”. Ony slightly less simple is “pattern of events”. Plot is an intelectual formulation about the relations among involves conflict between opposing forces. Without conflict, plot is hardly exists.

Bard – in modern use, simply a ‘poet’. Historically the term refers to poets who recited verses glorifying the deeds of heroes and leaders to the accompaniment of a musical instrument such as the harp. Bard technically refers to the early poets of the Celts, as trouvere refers to those of Normandy, scald to those of Scandinavia , and troubadour to those of Provence.

Beast epic – a medieval literary form consisting of a series of linked groped around animal characters and often prsentation satirical commnt on the church or court by means of human qualitis attributed to beast characters.

Filidh (plural, fili) – early Irish professional poets

Novel- is used in its broadest sense to designate any extended fictional narrative almost always in prose.

Nouvelle – a short novel or novelette; a work of fiction of intermediate length between the short story and the novel. Henry James used the French term nouvelle for short novel.

Preface – a statement at the beginning of a book or article – and separate from it –which states the purpose of the work, makes necessary acknowledgments, and, in general, informs the reader of such facts as the author thinks pertinent

Review of a book (a play, etc.) –a notice of a current work or performance. One can distinguish between a review and other sorts of serious criticism: the review gives readers an idea of the work under consideration.

Rhapsody - a selection from epic poetry sung by a rhapsodist – that is, a wandering minstrel or court poet of ancient Greece.

Protagonist – th chief character in a work. The word was originally applied to the ‘first’ actor in early rec drama.

Prothesis -the addition of a syllabe at the beginning of a word, as in Keat’s line, ‘The owl for all his feathers was a-cold’.

Prolegomenon – a preface. The heading prolegomena (plural) may given to the introductory section ofa book containing observation . Ocaasionally a whole book will be called ‘prolegomenon’ or ‘prolegomna’, suggsting a sustained study or setof studies preliminaryti further work, as in Jane Harrison’s Prolgomna to the Study of Greek Religion.

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1 Welsh naturalist and traveller, one of the formost zoologists of his tme. His travel books presented valuable information on the local customs and natural history of Scotland, Wales, England and the European continent.

2 In 597 the Roman Pope sent about forty monks to Britain to convert the Anglo - Saxons. The monks landed in Kent and it became the first Anglo - Saxon kingdom to be converted. The first church was built in the town of Canterbury, the capital of Kent, that is why the Archbishop of Canterbury is now Head of the Church of England. Then Christianity spread among the Anglo - Saxons of the other kingdoms.

3 I arrayed myself in garments as if I were a shephed

4 Welsh naturalist and traveller, one of the formost zoologists of his tme. His travel books presented valuable information on the local customs and natural history of Scotland, Wales, England and the European continent.

5 In 597 the Roman Pope sent about forty monks to Britain to convert the Anglo - Saxons. The monks landed in Kent and it became the first Anglo - Saxon kingdom to be converted. The first church was built in the town of Canterbury, the capital of Kent, that is why the Archbishop of Canterbury is now Head of the Church of England. Then Christianity spread among the Anglo - Saxons of the other kingdoms.