I вариант

I. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них

глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог.

Переведите предложения на русский язык. Запишите все предложения

в вопросительной и отрицательной формах.

1. Currently they are expanding their business in Europe.

2. The delegation of Finnish builders has arrived in the city today.

3. We have assumed that nobody will buy any chocolate when the price is more

than $2 per bar.

4. What contract were they discussing at 11 a.m. yesterday?

II. Перепишите следующие предложения ; подчеркните в каждом из них

модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Предложения переведите.

1. Each country has different laws to which its economy must conform.

2. The firm was to start producing the new equipment at the end of the year.

3. They should cut down costs by 5%.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в них

придаточные предложения, укажите их тип (например, бессоюзное

определительное придаточное предложение или дополнительное

придаточное предложение, вводимое союзом that).

1. Prices and incomes serve as the main tools which facilitate the operation of

the system.

2. The choice we make depends on many factors.

3. Specialization exists in almost everything we do.

IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите весь текст.

МARKETS AND PRICES

The Laws of Demand and Supply (Законы спроса и предложения)

Simple specialization began to take place in primitive cultures as individuals recognized unique abilities in themselves and in others. Specialization led to organized markets where people bought and sold goods, to the use of money, and the increasingly large groups of buyers and sellers. Economists define these organized markets as places or circumstances that bring together buyers and sellers of any goods or services.

What are the motivations of buyers and sellers in the exchange of goods and services in these organized markets? Why do people produce and sell some things at certain prices and do not produce other items? What happens to demand and supply when governments intervene (вмешиваться) in markets through policies such as agricultural price supports and rent controls? The theory of demand and supply- the economist’s basic tool- can give an answer.

In the economic transactions of everyday life, we too enter markets where buyers and sellers meet to buy and sell a great variety of products and services. The typical American supermarket sells thousands of products, and as we go through the store we can see a price system in action. For instance, quantities and prices of fruits and vegetables depend on the quantities consumers want and on the season. Early crops (2) usually bring in the highest prices. It is common for watermelons to sell for more than two dollars a pound in March but only fifteen cents a pound by the Fourth of July.

Why are prices and quantities constantly rising and falling for millions of goods and services in our economy? How do new products find their way to places where buyers and sellers meet? The answers are simple. In a market society, the self-interest of consumers and producers, determines who buys, what, and how much. The primary way that consumers and producers express their self-interest is through the economic laws of demand and supply. In a market system, demand and supply determine prices, and prices are the essential pieces of information on which consumers and sellers make decisions. High watermelon price in March will encourage (3) sellers and discourage (4) consumers, whereas low prices in July will encourage consumers and discourage sellers.

Пояснения к тексту:

1. to intervene – вмешиваться

2. early crops – ранний урожай

3. to encourage – поощрять, поддерживать

4. to discourage – обескураживать, расхолаживать

V. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. What did specialization lead to?

2. What is the economist’s basic tool?

3. Do demand and supply determine prices in a market economy?