Angl_yaz_128Glebovsky_13_1

Fuelisdeliveredfromthetanktotheinjectorbymeansofanelectricfuel pump being maintained at a constant pressure by means of a fuel pressure regulator.Anyfuelwhichisnotdeliveredtotheintakemanifoldbytheinjector is returned to the tank through a fuel return pipe.

TheAir Induction System consists of the air cleaner, air flow meter, throttle valve, air intake chamber, intake manifold runner, and intake valve.

When the throttle valve is opened air flows through the air cleaner, the airflow meter (on Ltype systems), past the throttle valve and througha well tuned intake manifold runner to the intake valve.

Electronic Control System consists of various engine sensors, Electronic Control Unit (ECU), fuel injector assemblies, and related wiring. The ECU determines precisely how much fuel needs to be delivered by the injectorbymonitoringtheenginesensors.Itturnstheinjectorsonforaprecise amount of time – injection duration – to deliver the proper air/fuel ratio to the engine.

Basic System Operation

As the air flows into the cylinder, fuel is mixed into the air by the fuel injector. Being electrical solenoids fuel injectors are arranged in the intake manifoldbehindeachintakevalveandoperatedbytheECU.TheECUpulses the injector by switching the injector ground circuit on and off. When the injector is turned on, it opens, spraying atomized fuel at the back side of the intake valve.

As fuel is sprayed into the intake airstream, itmixes withthe incoming air and vaporizes due to the low pressures in the intake manifold. The ECU signals the injector to deliver just enough fuel to achieve an ideal air/fuel ratio of 14.7:1.

TheECUmonitorsvariablessuchascoolanttemperature,enginespeed, throttle angle, and exhaust oxygen content and makes injection corrections which determine final injection quantity.

Notes:

1.What are the basic subsystems of the electronic fuel injection?

2.What does each of the subsystems consist of?

3.How is fuel delivered from the tank to the injector?

4.How does the air induction system work?

5.What does the ECU do?

6.How does the electronic fuel injection system operate?

7.What determines the final injection quantity?

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова:

delivery (n.), meter (n.), monitor (n., v.), proper (adj.), solenoid (n.), spray (v.).

Какие из перечисленных слов могут быть другими частями речи? Какими именно? Как они в этом случае переводятся на русский язык?

Упражнение2. Переведитенаанглийскийязыкприведённыениже слова и словосочетания:

бак,бачок;вцелом;величина;включать;впрыск(топлива);выключать; должный, надлежащий; достигать, добиваться; дроссельная заслонка; задержка; измерительный прибор, счётчик; как раз; коллектор; контролировать, управлять; мимо; насос; обычный, общепринятый; определять, устанавливать; переменный; по мере того как; подача, снабжение;поддерживать,сохранять;позади;посредством;постоянный; превращаться в пар; прогресс, улучшение; продолжительность; располагать; распылять; состоять (из); точно; турбина; угол; уже; устройство, блок.

Упражнение3.Определите,естьлиошибкивпереводепредставленныхнижеслов.Еслиошибкиимеются,укажитеправильныйперевод.

Упражнение 4. Выберите толкование, которое соответствует автомобильному термину в левой колонке.

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите следующие словосочетания:

planetary gear train, steering-wheel movement, propeller shaft, front-drive car, car disk brake, friction pad, road surface, cylinder wall metal, gudgeonpin bearing, diaphragm clutch, friction lining, cylinder bore diameter, fuel delivery system, closed loop feedback system, gear-selector lever, fuel pressureregulator,peakcombustiontemperature,exhaustemission,seatbelt, windscreenexterior, impactenergydistribution, doorpillar, production cost, steering wheel height adjustment.

Упражнение 2. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на Participle ІІ. Определите функцию Participle ІІв предложениях.

1.The electronic fuel injection system can be divided into three basic subsystems.

2.With front-engined rear-wheel-drive cars, extra strength is obtained from the central transmission tunnel formed in the floor.

3.The flywheel is a heavy and carefully balanced disk.

4.Sometimes two pumps are used, driven from the input and output ends of gearbox.

5.If provided front engines and front drive or rear engines and rear drive cars do not need a propeller shaft.

6.“Blind spots” caused by body pillars and quarters affect vision.

7.When stopped from 60 mph, a car still travels from 25 to 150 meters.

8.The name given to a system developed by Saab is “active steering”.

Упражнение 3. Переведите сложноподчиненные предложения

спридаточным времени.

1.Some designs require that the accelerator is immediately lifted when the driver changes into overdrive.

2.As the air flows into the cylinder, fuel is mixed into the air by the fuel injector.

3.This kind of joint allows the shafts to rotate together, even when their axes do not form a straight line.

4.As fuel is sprayed into the intake airstream, it mixes with incoming air and vaporizes due to the low pressure in the intake manifold.

5.The differential – a gear system which allows for differences in speed between the powered wheels when rounding a bend.

6.The exhaust valve opens before the piston reaches the bottom of its stroke and closes after it reaches the top; the inlet valve opens before the top and closes after it reaches the bottom.

7.Whenawheelmovesuptorideoverabumpintheroad,thismovement is passed on by the suspension arm to the piston.

Упражнение 4. Работа в парах.

Студент C: Задайте 5 вопросов различных типов к тексту А. Студент D: Ответьте на вопросы к тексту студента C. Студенты C и D: Поменяйтесь ролями.

Текст В

EFI/TCCS SYSTEM

Withthe introductionof theToyotaComputerControlSystem(TCCS), the EFI system went from a simple fuel control system to a fully integrated engineandemissionsmanagementsystem.Althoughthefueldeliverysystem operatesthesameasconventionalEFI,theTCCSECU alsocontrolsignition spark angle.Additionally, TCCS regulates an Idle Speed Control device, an Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)Vacuum SwitchingValve and, depending on application, other engine related systems.

TheEFI/TCCSsystemregulatessparkadvanceanglebymonitoringengine operatingconditions,calculatingtheoptimumsparktiming,andfiringthespark plug at the appropriate time. It also regulates engine idle speed by means of

severaldifferenttypesofECUcontrolleddevices.TheECUmonitorsengine operatingconditionstodeterminewhichidlespeedstrategytouse.Theperiods underwhichEGRcanbeintroducedtotheengineisregulatedbythesystemas well.ThiscontrolisaccomplishedthroughtheuseofanEGRVacuumSwitching Valve.

In addition to the major systems just described, the TCCS ECU often operates an Electronically Controlled Transmission (ECT), a Variable Induction System (T-VIS), the air conditioner compressor clutch, and the turbocharger/supercharger.

A self diagnosis system is incorporated into all TCCS ECUs and into some conventional EFI system ECUs. This diagnostic system uses a check engine warning lamp in the combination meter which is capable of warning thedriver whenspecific faultsaredetectedinthe enginecontrolsystem.The check engine light is also capable of flashing a series of diagnosis codes to assist the technician in troubleshooting these faults.

Notes:

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1.How did EFI change with the introduction of the Toyota Computer Control System?

2.What does TCCS regulate?

3.How does TCCS do it?

4.Why does the ECU monitor engine operating conditions?

5.What else does the TCCS ECU operate?

6.What does self diagnosis system serve for?

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Найдите в тексте герундий. Определите его функцию и переведите на русский язык.

Упражнение2.Найдитевтекстесложноподчинённыепредложения спридаточнымопределительнымиопределитеихструктуру.

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова и словосочетания. Если Вы не знаете слово, найдите его в словаре. Выпишите из словаря то значение слова, вкотором оно использовано в тексте.

accomplish (v.), application (n.), integrate (v.), introduce (v.), management (n.), strategy (n.), supercharger (n.), turbocharger (n.).

Упражнение 2. Найдите перевод слов списка А в списке В.

Упражнение 3. Напишите предложения с каждым из перечисленных ниже слов:

introduce – introduction deliver – delivery

Урок 3.6

Фонетическое задание

Прочитайте транскрипцию в списке A, соотнесите её с соответствующим словом из списка B и переведите слово на русский язык. Учтите, что не все слова списка В даны в списке А.

Текст А

FORD REVOKNUCKLEAND GM HIPER STRUTEXPLAINED

Strut-type front suspensions,known fortheirlightweightandlow cost, can provide excellent steering and handling characteristics. But when these components are burdened with steering, suspension, and driving tasks, problems arise.The situation goes critical when abundant power is added to the mix.

Manufacturers have put into practice various solutions to mitigate the annoying tug of the steering wheel that follows every jab of the throttle, not

to mention the car’s tendency to dart off in a direction contrary to the one chosen by the driver.

Two new approaches battle the root cause of torque steer rather than the symptoms. Working independently, Ford and GM have created “super struts” that manage the relationship between steering and propulsion.

Ford’sRevoKnuckle and GM’s HiPerStrut bothsplit the strut into two major components. The core spring-and-damper assembly provides the up- and-downflexibilityneededforacontrolledrideoverbumps.Anewknuckle isattachedtothemainassemblythroughpivotbearingstoprovidethesteering movement. The GM version has a useful camberadjustment not included in Ford’s design.

Splittingthe steeringand suspensionfunctionsdoes wonders forfrontendgeometry.Thesteeringaxis(animaginarylinearoundwhichtheknuckle pivots) is more vertically oriented and located closer to the tire’s centerline. This makes the effective spindle length shorter and moves the center of the tirecontactpatchnearertotheintersectionofthesteeringaxisandtheground, yieldingasignificantlysmallerscrubradius.Sincea longspindleand a large scrub radius are key contributors to torque steer, any reduction of these dimensions benefits steering feel and directional stability.

Another benefit is significantly reduced camber change (the tilt of the tire awayfroma verticalorientation)asthe caris steeredoff-center. Keeping thetiremoreperpendiculartotheroadduringturningisbeneficialtohandling.

Downsides are added complexity, higher cost, and additional weight. Ford’s RevoKnuckle front suspension weighs 26 pounds more than conventional struts. The GM weight gain is slightly less.

Notes:

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1.What do strut-type front suspensions feature?

2.When do problems arise?

3.How did Ford and GM solve the problems?

4.How does the GM version differ from Ford’s design?

5.What do these developments result in?

6.What are the downsides of RevoKnuckle and HiPer Strut?

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова и словосочетания:

approach (n.), battle (v.), beneficial (adj.), burden (v.), complexity (n.), dimension (n.), downside (n.), excellent (adj.), manage (v.), mention (v.), mitigate(v.), orient(v.), patch(n.),pound(n.),propulsion(n.),put(v.), radius (n.), rather than (adv.), root (n.), split (v.), tire (n.), version (n.), weigh (v.), yield (v.).

Какие из перечисленных слов могут быть другими частями речи? Какими именно? Как они в этом случае переводятся на русский язык?

Упражнение2. Переведитенаанглийскийязыкприведённыениже слова и словосочетания:

а не, вместо; близкий; бороться; вводить, представлять; версия, модификация; весить; выбирать; выгодный, полезный; давать что-то полезное;делить,разделять;задача,задание;короткий;легкий;неговоря о; недостаток; обеспечивать; обременять, отягощать; отличный;

49

подвеска;подход,путь;полезный;поступательноедвижение;применение; присоединять; причина, источник; радиус; размер; располагать, устанавливать;реализовать;решениезадачи;сложность;создавать;так как; турбонагнетатель; увеличение, прирост; уменьшать, смягчать; уменьшение;управление;управлять;участок;фунт;шина.

Упражнение 3. Заполните пропуски в тексте, используя слова из приведённого ниже списка:

Independent Suspension Under Control

Allmoderncarsare…withindependentfrontsuspensionofthewheels andmany…independentsuspensionoftherearwheelsalso.Theadvantages of … suspension system are that it improves steering, … that all the wheels remain in contact with the road and gives a softer ride, ironing out (сглаживать)bumpsandroadirregularitiesandimprovingpassengercomfort. The main disadvantage of the system is … it increases – in some cases – the roll characteristics of a car when cornering. To eliminate this, or … to provide some measure of control, manufacturers usually fit a unit called an anti-roll bar.

Ananti-rollbar(стабилизаторпоперечнойустойчивости)isbasically a steel …, straight at the front, which runs transversely along the frontof the car and is angled … at either end to meet the lower suspension struts. The degree of angle, and it can be as much as a right …, depends on the type and design of the … to which it is attached.

(продолжение текста в упражнении 4 урока 3.9 стр. 48)

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на притяжательный падеж существительных.

1.The steering axis is more vertically oriented and located closer to the tire’s centerline.

2.The requirements of good performance will also affect the designer’s decision on the shape of his car.

3.Visteon’sAdvancedFrontlightingSystemincorporatesinnovativeelectronic controls.

4.Electronic and programmed ignition systems have made significant improvements to the emission levels of today’s engines.

5.In some cars the overdrive is effective when third gear is in use, and so adds to the driver’s choice of gear ratios.

Упражнение 2.Образуйте наречия отследующих прилагательных с помощью суффикса –ly. Переведите исходные прилагательные и полученные наречия на русский язык.

Упражнение 3. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на функции глагола to have.

1.Thebodycanbedesignedtohavethenecessarystrongandweaksections.

2.Manufacturers have implemented various solutions to mitigate the annoying tug of the steering wheel.

3.The body has to keep bad weather from the occupants.

4.As a safety feature, electronic circuits have built in self-test facilities and back-up modules.

5.In some areas “X-by-wire” has been used for many years.

6.Both processors have non-volatile memory into which fault codes can be written.

7.Thesparkplugisbestpositionedinthecentreofthecombustionchamber as this reduces the distance the flame front has to travel.

Упражнение 4. Работа в парах.

Студент C: Задайте 5 вопросов различных типов к тексту А. Студент D: Ответьте на вопросы к тексту студента C. Студенты C и D: Поменяйтесь ролями.

Текст В

SCHOOL OFHARDKNOCKS

GM’s experimental compression-ignition gas engine runs like a diesel.

After more than a century leading separate lives, Rudolph Diesel and Nikolaus Otto are finally getting a place together. General Motors’ experimental 2.2-liter homogenous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine can shift from spark ignition to diesel mode.

The HCCI design uses direct injection and variable valve-timing hardware to switch from spark ignition during acceleration and high speed to compression ignition during idle and light-throttle cruising.

To go diesel, the engine advances the closing of the exhaust valves so heat is trapped in the cylinder. Pressures are thus higher on the compression stroke, when the injector sprays an evenly dispersed fuel mist that ignites – and this is important – all at once.

Spark-ignitedfuelburnsunevenlyacrossthecylinder,radiatingoutward from the plug as a wave, or “flame front.” Diesels burn more efficiently, in one or more rapid bangs. An in-cylinder pressure sensor lets the computer constantly adapt the fuel spray and valve timing to changes in cylinder temperature,atmosphericpressure,humidity,andfueltype.Thisisespecially importantatidlewhendiesel-stylefuellight-offislessstableandpredictable.

Because the HCCI engine has lower compression and is cooler than a conventional diesel and because it operates only part time as a diesel the engine doesn’t require a diesel’s heavy-duty block construction. It also produces less oxides of nitrogen. In diesel mode, the throttle is no longer needed (diesels regulate engine speed by metering fuel), so it goes wide openandconsequentlystayswideopen,whichcutspumpinglossestofurther stretch mileage.

GM declines to specify when Otto and Diesel will appear in mass production.

Notes:

mist [] n. облако

predictable [] adj. предсказуемый radiate [] v. распространяться

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1.WhatisspecialaboutGeneralMotors’homogenouschargecompression ignition engine?

2.How is the switch achieved?

3.What does the engine do to go to diesel?

4.What is the difference between spark-ignited and diesel fuel burning?

5.Why doesn’t the engine require a heavy-duty block construction?

6.What other advantages does the engine feature?

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Найдите в тексте наречия с суффиксом –ly. Определите,от какихсловониобразованы ипереведитеихна русскийязык.

Упражнение2.Найдитевтекстесуществительныевпритяжательном падеже.

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова и словосочетания. Если Вы не знаете слово, найдите его в словаре. Выпишите из словаря то значение слова, вкотором оно использовано в тексте.

bang (n.), consequently (adv.), experimental (adj.), hardware (n.), heavyduty(adj.),homogenous(adj.),liter(n.),mileage(n.),mode(n.),pumping(n.).

Упражнение 2. Найдите перевод слов списка А в списке В.

53

Упражнение 3. Напишите предложения с каждым из перечисленных ниже слов:

benefit n. – benefit v. – beneficial adj. weigh v. – weight n.

Урок 3.7

Фонетическое задание

Прочитайте транскрипцию в списке A, соотнесите её с соответствующим словом из списка B и переведите слово на русский язык. Учтите, что не все слова списка В даны в списке А.

Текст А

HYBRIDVEHICLES

The concept of a combined power source vehicle is simple. Internal combustion (IC) engines produce dangerous emissions and have poor efficiencyatpartload.Electricdrivesproducenoemissionsbuthavealimited range. The solution is to combine the best aspects and minimize the worst. Such is the principle of the hybrid drive system.

One wayof usingthis typeof vehicleis touse the electric drivein slow traffic and towns, and to use the IC engine on the open road. Sophisticated control systems actually allow even better usage such that under certain con­ditions both the motor and the engine can be used.

Thelayoutofthedrivescanbethoughtofasseriesorparallel.Theparallel arrangementseemstobeprovingtobemorepopularduetoitsgreaterflexibility. The series arrangement, however, allows the fossil-fuel engine to run at a constantspeeddrivingthegenerator.Thismakesuseofthecombustionengine in its own right more efficient, but the double energy conversion process (mechanicaltoelectricaltomechanical)islessefficientthandrivingthevehicle transmission directly. The other advantage of series connection is that a transmission(gearbox)isnotessential.

Full hybrid is often used when the vehicle can launch forward at low speeds without consuming any gasoline.

Mildhybridcarsmovefromastandstillonlyiftheinternalcombustion engineisengaged,andusetheelectricmotorprimarilytoassistthegasengine when extra power is needed. Both full and mild hybrids require use of the gas engine when reaching higher speeds (of about 20–25 mph or more, depending on how the car is driven.)

Mild hybrid systems can be broken down into subcategories:

The Stop/Start hybrid system, used on GM trucks for example, shuts theengineoffwhenitwouldotherwiseidleandrestartsitinstantlyondemand.

TheIntegrated StarterAlternator with Damping(ISAD) hybrid system allows the electric motors to help move the vehicle in addition to providing stop/start capability.

The Integrated MotorAssist (IMA) hybrid system is similar to the ISAD but has a larger electric motor and more electricity to help move the vehicle.

Notes:

usage [ ] n. применение, использование

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1.What is the principle of the hybrid drive system?

2.How can this type of vehicle work?

3.Whataretheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofseriesandparallellayouts?

4.What does full hybrid feature?

5.What does mild hybrid feature?

6.Whendobothfullandmildhybridsrequireuseof thegasengine?

7.What subcategories of mild hybrid systems are there?

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова и словосочетания:

alternator (n.), consume (v.), instantly (adv.), launch (v.), seem (v.), shut off (v.), sophisticated (adj.), truck (n.).

Какие из перечисленных слов могут быть другими частями речи? Какими именно? Как они в этом случае переводятся на русский язык?

Упражнение2. Переведитенаанглийскийязыкприведённыениже слова и словосочетания:

благодаря; включать; выключать; выпускать; генератор; главным образом; грузовой автомобиль; доказывать; запасхода;казаться; как … так и …; классифицировать; компоновка; концепция; мгновенно; мощный; нагнетание насосом; необходимый; оборудование; ограничивать; однородный; опасный; определённый; подразделять, помогать;постоянный;потреблять;похожий,подобный;привод;пробег вмилях;режим;решениезадачи;сампосебе;следовательно;сложный; способ; способность; фактически; чем.

Упражнение 3. Переведите данные существительные и образуйте сих помощьюгруппы существительных, характерные дляавтомобильной терминологии. Переведите их на русский язык.

Упражнение 4.Выберитетолкование, которое соответствуетстроительному термину в левой колонке.

Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на функции инфинитива.

1.One way of using a hybrid vehicle is to use the electric drive in slow traffic andtowns.

2.GM declines to specify when Otto and Diesel will appear in mass production.

3.To go diesel, the engine advances the closing of the exhaust valves so heat is trapped in the cylinder.

4.The ECU monitors engine operating conditions to determine which idle speed strategy to use.

5.Under ideal weather conditions, the lidar system appears to be the best.

6.To prevent wear and overheating, the engine has a lubricating system.

7.The end coils of springs act as the lever for the twist to be applied to the rest of the spring.

8.The final drive has three tasks to do.

Упражнение2.Образуйтестепенисравненияотприведённыхниже прилагательных и наречий.

Упражнение 3. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на сослагательноенаклонение.

1.Thestop/start hybridsystem shuts theengine off whenit would idle and restarts it instantly on demand.

2.As shock waves occur attherateof severalthousand a minute, the noise from car would be socially unacceptable if it were not moderated.

3.This ensures greater security against any fault, which could adversely affect braking performance.

4.Todissipatetheconsiderableamountofheatwhenbrakingafast-moving, heavy car, large brake drums would be required.

5.The gear wheels in a constant-mesh gearbox cannot all be fixed to their shafts, or no movement would be possible.

6.This change in the air-fuel ratio mustnot be too sudden as it could cause the engine to buck.