Angl_yaz_128Glebovsky_13_1

Лексическиеупражнения

Упражнение 1.Переведитенарусскийязыкприведённыенижеслова. Если Вы не знаете слово, найдите его в словаре. Выпишите из словаря тозначениеслова,вкоторомоноиспользовановтексте.

adjust (v.), advanced (adj.), data (n.), deactivate (v.), detect (v.), enhance (v.), equip (v.), flexibility (n.), individual (adj.),innovative (adj.), module (n.), processor (n.), situation (n.), specific (adj.),V.

Упражнение 2. Найдите перевод слов списка А в списке В.

Упражнение 3. Напишите предложения с каждым из перечисленных ниже слов:

adjust v. – adjustable adj. – adjustment n. reflector n. – reflection n.

Урок 3.3

Фонетическое задание

Прочитайте транскрипцию в списке A, соотнесите её с соответствующим словом из списка B и переведите слово на русский язык. Учтите, что не все слова списка В даны в списке А.

Текст А

CRUISE CONTROL

The purpose of cruise control is to allow the driver to set the vehicle speed and let the system maintain it automatically.

The system reacts to the measured speed of the vehicle and adjusts the throttle accordingly. The reaction time is important so that the vehicle speed does not feel to be surging up and down.

Other facilities are included such as allowing the speed to begradually increasedordecreased atthetouchof abutton. Mostsystems alsoremember thelastsetspeedandwillresumethisagainatthetouchofabutton.

The main switch turns on the cruise control, this in turn is ignition controlled. Mostsystemsdonotretainthespeedsettingin memorywhenthe main switch has been turned off. Operating the “set” switch programs the memorybutthisnormallywillonlyworkifconditionssimilartothefollowing are met.

•Vehicle speed is greater than 40 km/h.

•Vehicle speed is less than 12 km/h.

•Change of speed is less than 8 km/h/s.

•Automatics must be in “drive”.

•Brakes or clutch are not being operated.

•Engine speed is stable.

Oncethe systemis set, the speedis maintainedtowithin about 3-4km/ h until it is deactivated by pressing the brake or clutch pedal, pressing the “resume” switch or turning off the main control switch.The last “set” speed is retained in memory except when the main switch is turned off.

Ifthecruisecontrolsystemisrequiredagain,theneitherthe“set”button willholdthevehicleatitscurrentspeedorthe“resume”buttonwillaccelerate the vehicle to the previous “set” speed. When cruising at a set speed, the driver can press and hold the “set” button to accelerate the vehicle until the desired speed is reached when the button is released.

If the driver accelerates from the set speed to overtake, for example, then whenthe throttle is released, the vehiclewill slow down until it reaches the last set position.

Conventional cruise control has now developed to a high degree of quality. It is, however, not always very practical on many European roads as the speed of the general traffic varies constantly and traffic is often very heavy. The driver has to take over from the cruise control system on many occasions to speed up or slow down.

Notes:

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1.What is the purpose of cruise control?

2.Why is the reaction time important?

3.Whatotherfacilitiesdoescruisecontrolprovide?

4.How do most systems work?

5.How long is the speed maintained within about 3-4 km/h?

6.How can the driver accelerate the vehicle?

7.Why is the cruise control not always practical on many European roads?

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова и словосочетания:

accordingly(adv.),button(n.),cruisecontrolfacility(n.),following(adj.),meet (v.), memory (n.), previous (adj.), react (v.), surge (v.), touch (n.), traffic (n.).

Какие из перечисленных слов могут быть другими частями речи? Какими именно? Как они в этом случае переводятся на русский язык?

Упражнение2. Переведитенаанглийскийязыкприведённыениже слова и словосочетания:

в пределах; восстанавливать; встречать(ся); движение транспорта; дроссель;замедлять(ся);кнопка;нажимать,давить;память;подниматься и опускаться; позволять; постоянно; предыдущий, предшествующий; приблизительно;прикосновение;реагировать;системаавтоматического поддержания скорости движения; следующий (ниже); соответственно; сохранять; сцепление; традиционный; ускорять(ся), разгонять(ся); устройство, оборудование; цель, назначение; чем.

Упражнение 3. Найдите в тексте термины, связанные с системой автоматического поддержания скорости движения. Дайте перевод найденных терминов на русский язык.

Упражнение 4. Заполните пропуски в тексте, используя слова из приведённого ниже списка:

Ignitionsystems

Themainpurposeoftheignitionsystem …tosupplya sparkinsidethe cylinder, near the end of the compression stroke, to ignite the … charge of air-fuel vapour.

Forasparktojumpacrossanairgapof0.6mm…normalatmospheric (атмосферный)conditions,avoltageof2-3kV(киловольт)isrequired.Fora spark to jump across a … gap in an engine cylinder, having a com­pression …of 8:1,approximately8kVis required.Forhighercompressionratiosand weakermixtures, a voltage upto20kV… be necessary.Theignitionsystem has to transform (преобразовывать) the normal battery voltage of 12 V to approximately 8-20 kV and, in addition, has to … this high voltage to the right cylinder, at the right time. Some ignition systems will supply as much as 40 kV to the spark … .

Conventional ignition is followed by the more … systems controlled by electronics. Still the fundamental operationof … ignition systems is very similar.

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на условные предложения первого типа.

1.The “set” switch will only work if some conditions are met.

2.Some steering wheels may be wrenched out of a driver’s grip if a tyre bursts or if the car hits a large bump.

3.Secondary safety ensures that if the car does crash the risk of injury to its occupants is minimised.

4.If the suspension springs are stiff enough only for the car with driver, they will be too soft for the car when it is fully loaded.

5.If the oil is too thick, it will seal but won’t allow the moving part to slide easily and so will produce drag.

Упражнение 2. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на инфинитив и инфинитивную конструкцию Complex Object.

1.The driver has to take over from cruise control systems on many occasions to speed up or slow down.

2.Other facilities are included such as allowing the speed to begradually increased or decreased at the touch of a button.

3.This change in the air-fuel ratio must not be too sudden as it could cause the engine to buck.

4.One of the drawbacks to higher compression ratios is the increased tendency to knock.

5.A carhas to be strongenoughnot to saginthe middle – a featurecalled beam stiffness.

6.A rim will allow the tire to distort excessively sideways under fast cornering.

7.Seats should support the back to give a good posture and to hold the occupants to some extent against cornering forces.

8.To get a well balanced crankshaft requires a special technique and constantcare(внимание)duringoperations.

9.When the brakes are applied hard the rear wheels tend to lock, which causes the tail of the car slide sideways.

10.To separate the moving parts of an engine and seal off hot, highpressure gases oil must have the right viscosity.

Упражнение 3. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на слово it.

1.It is unlikely that the cylinder sizes will change.

2.Dirt is the main cause of the engine failure. It affects any number of engine parts.

3.Inadieselengineitisthehightemperatureofthecompressedairwhich produces the ignition.

4.Valeo is developing a headlight technology it calls “Bending Light”.

5.Adhesion between the tyres and the road makes it possible to steer a car around curves.

6.If theengine is installedalongthe lineofthe car,itis usualtosandwich thefinaldrivebetweenitandthegearboxforcompactness(компактность).

Упражнение 4. Работа в парах.

Студент C: Задайте 5 вопросов различных типов к тексту А. Студент D: Ответьте на вопросы к тексту студента C. Студенты C и D: Поменяйтесь ролями.

Текст В

ADAPTIVE CRUISE CONTROL

Conventional cruise control not being practical on many roads due to heavy traffic, adaptive cruise control has now been developed which can automatically adjust the vehicle speed to the current traffic situation. The systemmaintains aspeedas set bythe driver, adapts this speed and maintain a safedistance from the vehicles in front and provides a warning if there is a risk of collision.

The main extra components as compared to the conventional system arethe‘‘headway’’sensorandthesteeringanglesensor.Informationonsteering angleisusedtoenhancefurtherthedatafromtheheadwaysensor.Twotypes of the headway sensor are in use, the radar and the lidar. Both contain transmitter and receiver units. The radar system uses microwave signals at about35GHz,andthereflectiontimeofthesegivesthedistancetotheobject in front. Lidar uses a laser diode to produce infrared light signals, the reflections of which are detected by a photodiode.

These two types of sensors have advantages and disadvantages. The radarsystemisnotaffectedbyrainandfogbutthelidarcanbemoreselective by recognizing the standard reflectors on the rear of the vehicle in front. Radar can produce strong reflections from bridges, trees and other normal roadside items. Under ideal weather conditions, the lidar system appears to be the best but it becomes very unreliable when the weather changes. Fundamentally, the operation of an adaptive cruise system is the same as a conventional system except when a signal from the headway sensor detects an obstruction, in which case the vehicle speed is decreased. If the optimum stoppingdistancecannotbeachievedbyjustbackingoffthethrottle,awarning is supplied to the driver.

Notes:

tree [] n. дерево

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1.Why has adaptive cruise control been developed?

2.What does the system provide?

3.What are the main extra components of the system?

4.What advantages do they have?

5.What are their disadvantages?

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение1.Найдитевтекстепредложениеснезависимымпричастным оборотом и переведите его на русский язык.

Упражнение 2. Найдите в тексте предложение с инфинитивной конструкцией Complex Object и переведите его на русский язык.

Упражнение 3. Найдите в тексте местоимение it, определите его функцию и переведите на русский язык.

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова и словосочетания. Если Вы не знаете слово, найдите его в словаре. Выпишите из словаря то значение слова, вкотором оно использовано в тексте.

adapt (v.), appear (v.), as compared to, diode (n.), information (n.), optimum (adj.), radar (n.), recognize (v.), warning (n.).

27

Упражнение 2. Найдите перевод слов списка А в списке В.

Упражнение 3. Напишите предложения с каждым из перечисленных ниже слов:

adapt – adaptive compare – comparison

Урок 3.4

Фонетическое задание

Прочитайте транскрипцию в списке A, соотнесите её с соответствующим словом из списка B и переведите слово на русский язык. Учтите, что не все слова списка В даны в списке А.

Текст А

ANTI-LOCK BRAKES

Thereasonforthedevelopmentofanti-lockbrakes(ABS)isverysimple. Underbrakingconditions, ifoneormoreof the vehicle wheelslocks (begins to skid), there are a number of consequences.

•Braking distance increases.

•Steering control is lost.

•Abnormal tyre wear.

ABS can be considered as a central control unit with a series of inputs and outputs. The most important of the inputs are the wheel speed sensors, and the main output is some form of brake system pressure control.

The task of the control unit is to compare signals from each wheel sensor tomeasuretheaccelerationordecelerationofanindividualwheel.Fromthese dataandpre-programmedlook-uptables,brakepressuretooneormoreofthe wheelscanberegulated.Brakepressurecanbereduced,heldconstantorallowed toincrease.Themaximumpressureisdeterminedbythedriver’s pressureon the brake pedal.

There are three main components of anABS.

•Wheel speed sensors.

•Electronic control unit.

•Hydraulic modulator.

Thefunctionoftheelectroniccontrolunit(ECU)istotakeininformation fromthewheelsensorsandcalculatethebestcourse ofactionforthehydraulic modulator.TheheartofamodernECUconsistsoftwomicroprocessorswhich run the same program independently of each other. This ensures greater securityagainstanyfault,whichcouldadverselyaffectbrakingperformance because the operation of each processor should be identical. If a fault is detected, the ABS disconnects itself and operates a warning light. Both processors have non-volatile memory into which fault codes can be written for later service and diagnostic purposes. The ECU also has suitable input signal processing stages and output or driver stages for actuator control.

TheECUperformsaself-testaftertheignitionisswitchedon.Afailure will result in disconnection of the system. The following list forms the selftest procedure.

•Current supply.

•Exterior and interior interfaces.

•Transmission of data.

•Communication between the two microprocessors.

•Operation of valves and relays.

•Operation of fault memory control.

•Reading and writing functions of the internal memory. All this takes about 300 ms.

Notes:

write [ ] v. писать, записывать

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1.Why was ABS developed?

2.What are the most important inputs and outputs ofABS?

3.How do the inputs result in the outputs?

4.How can brake pressure to one or more wheels be regulated?

5.What are the main components of anABS?

6.What is the function of ECU?

7.How does it work?

8.What does the ECU self-test procedure include?

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова и словосочетания:

actuator (n.), anti-lock brakes, calculate (v.), code (n.), communication (n.), consider (v.), deceleration (n.), diagnostic (adj.), fault (n.), identical (adj.), list(n.),micro-(prefix),microprocessor(n.), perform(v.),reading(n.), relay (n.), test (n.).

Какие из перечисленных слов могут быть другими частями речи? Какими именно? Как они в этом случае переводятся на русский язык?

Упражнение2. Переведитенаанглийскийязыкприведённыениже слова и словосочетания:

антиблокировочнаятормознаясистема;буксовать;выполнять;главный, основной; действие; диагностический; замедление; износ шины; каждый;ксеноновая(фара);неблагоприятно;неисправность;несколько,

ряд;передачаинформации;предупреждение;привод,пускатель;причина; рассчитывать, вычислять; реле; список, перечень; сравнивать; считать, полагать; также; тест, тестирование; тождественный, тот же самый; узнавать,распознавать;уменьшать,понижать;чтение;электропитание.

Упражнение 3. Дайте синонимы следующих слов:

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение1.Переведитепредложения,обращаявниманиенанеопределенные и отрицательные местоимения.

1.The main output is some form of brake system pressure control.

2.Two microprocessors ensure greater security against any fault.

3.Some cars still have the gear-selector lever on the steering column.

4.In some cars the overdrive is effective when third gear is in use.

5.Springsbetweenthegearspresstheconicalsurfaceintocontact,creating a frictional resistance to any differencebetween the speeds of the gear and the cage.

6.Onlythe models withfront-wheeldrive and therefore no differentialat the rear have independent suspension on the back wheels.

7.Some suspensionsystems have a telescopic strut, anchoredat its top to the body structure by a flexible mounting.

Упражнение 2. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на конструкцию there + to be.

1.The system provides a warning if there is a risk of collision.

2.Glass-reinforced plastic bodies may shatter on impact and there is a greater risk of the material catching fire than there is with steel panels.

3.There were different models of this car.

4.There would be several disadvantages in tryingtosteera carby its rear wheels.

5.Thereshouldbemoretrafficlightsonthestreets.

6.Theremustbesomedegreeofreactionfromtheroadtothedriver.

7.At the outer end there is a bearing between the shaft and the inside of the axle housing.

Упражнение 3. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на функции глагола to be.

1.The task of the control unit is to compare signals from each wheel sensor.

2.Rust is a real hazard in unitary-built steel cars.

3.Whenfour-wheeldriveistobe incontinuousoperation,problemsarise since allowance has to be made for the differing revolution speeds of the wheels on bends.

4.Adaptive cruise control has now been developed which can automatically adjust the vehicle speed to the current traffic situation.

5.If the rate is too high, then the production of hydrocarbons increases.

6.The alteration in the air-fuel ratio must not be too sudden.

7.Luggage often has tobe lifted quite highduring loadingand unloading.

Упражнение 4. Работа в парах.

Студент C: Задайте 5 вопросов различных типов к тексту А. Студент D: Ответьте на вопросы к тексту студента C. Студенты C и D: Поменяйтесь ролями.

Текст В

ELECTRIC POWER STEERING

There are three electric power steering techniques.

•Replacing the conventional system pump with an electric motor while the ram remains much the same.

•A drive motor, which directly assists with the steering and has no hydraulic components.

•Active steering in which the steering wheel is replaced with a joystick.

The first of these systems is popular, as the pump will only run when needed.Thisgivessome savings in thefuelconsumptionand alsoallowsthe drivebeltarrangementatthefrontoftheenginetobesimplified.

Thesecondsystemlistedisnowbecomingthemostcommon.Anelectric motor acts directly on the steering via an epicyclic gear train. This replaces the hydraulic pump and servo cylinder. This eliminates the fuel loss of the conventionalpumpand simplifiesthedrive arrangements. Enginestall when the power steering is operated at idle speed is also eliminated. An optical torque sensor is used to measure driver effort on the steering wheel. The sensor works by measuring light from an LED, which is shining through holes that are aligned in discs at either end of a 50 mm torsion bar fitted into the steering column. This system occupies little under-bonnet space and the 400 W motor only averages about 2 A under urban driving conditions. The cost benefits over conventional hydraulic methods are considerable.

“Active steering” is the name given to a system developed by Saab. A joystick is used in place of the steering wheel and an array of sensors determinestherequiredoutputand,viathecontrolunit,operatestwoelectrohydraulic control valves.As a safety feature, electronic circuits have built in self-test facilities and backup modules.

Notes:

align [ ] v. выравнивать, выверять

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1.Which electric power steering techniques are there?

2.Why is the first of these systems popular?

3.How does an electric motor act?

4.How does an optical torque sensor work?

5.What additional advantage does the system provide?

6.What is the main safety feature of the active steering technique?

Грамматическоеупражнение

Упражнение1.Найдитевтекстепредложениесинфинитивнойконструкцией Complex Object и переведите его на русский язык.

Упражнение2.Найдитевтекстеприлагательныессуффиксами –al, -ableипереведитеихнарусскийязык.

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова и словосочетания. Если Вы не знаете слово, найдите его в словаре. Выпишите из словаря то значение слова, вкотором оно использовано в тексте.

active (adj.), array (n.), back-up (n.), circuit (n.), mm, name (n.), popular (adj.), simplify (v.), W.

Упражнение 2. Найдите перевод слов списка А в списке В.

Упражнение 3. Напишите предложения с каждым из перечисленных ниже слов:

act v. – action n. – active adj. – activate v.

Текст C

X-BY-WIRE

The term “X-by-wire” is used to name any mechanical technology on the vehicle that is operated electrically. In some areas this has been used for manyyears. “Windowlift-by-wire”wouldbe agood example.However, the term tends to be used now to name systems that have not, traditionally, been electrically operated: brake-by-wire and steer-by-wire are two such areas.

Gas-by-wire

The concept of gas-by-wire is already accepted and in use on many vehicles. This includes injection, EGR, electric supercharging and throttle- by-wire (sometimes referred to as ETC). Injectors have been electrically operated for many years, as has the actuator for the EGR system. In the throttle- by-wire system, a sensor and an actuator replace the traditional cable. The sensoris, inmostcases, a variableresistorwithsuitablespringpressure built in to maintain an appropriate feel. The actuator designs vary but a stepper motor is a common choice because of its degree of control.

Electric supercharging is an interesting development; it is particularly useful for gasoline direct injection engines where it improves performance generally but also prevents “turbo lag”. The development of gas-by-wire systems will continue because of the pressure to reduce C02 emissions. This is leading to the development of smaller, more efficient engines.

Steer-by-wire

Currentlyallpowersteeringsystemsmaintainamechanicalconnection between the vehicle’s front wheels and the steering wheel. If the assistance system,beitelectricorhydraulic,weretofail,themechanicallinkstillworks asaback-up.However,therigidmechanicalconnectionisamajordrawback as far as the system functional features are concerned. Issues such as noise, vibration and harshness (NVH) and crashworthiness are also drawbacks of the rigid system.

Advances inmechatronicsystemsmeanthatthe rigidlink maysoonbe replacedwithwires.Steer-by-wirevehiclestransfertherotationofthesteering wheel to front wheel movement by using sensors, and use an electronically controlled actuator in place of the conventional steering rack. Feedback, an important characteristic of a steeringsystem, is generated for the driver by a force feedback actuator behind the steering wheel.

Thepowersupplyis criticalforanyX-by-wiresystem.Amid-sizedcar will require a peak power output of about 1000 W for full steering performance. The overall consumption is relatively low but because of the peakloading, mostsystemsaredesignedfora42Vsupply.TheECUscanbe operated by 14 V if necessary.

Drive-by-wire – Delphi

In Delphi’s steer-by-wire system, the mechanical links between the steering wheel and the front wheels are replaced with two motorized assist mechanisms, a hand-wheel feedback unit and an electronic controller. As a result, the steering column, steering shaft, the pump and intermediate shaft and the hoses, fluids and belts associated with a traditional power steering systemarecompletelyeliminated.Thisenablesimprovedsystemperformance, simplified packaging and design flexibility.

Electronic throttle control (ETC) replaces the throttle cables that run from the accelerator pedal to the engine. An electronic link replaces the traditional mechanical link, which communicates with an engine control module(ECM).ThereareanumberofbenefitsassociatedwithETC,including reduced mass, lower emissions, and increased throttle response.

Notes:

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1.What is the term “X-by-wire” used for?

2.What does the gas-by-wire technology include?

3.Why will the development of gas-by-wire systems continue?

4.What are the drawbacks of the steering system rigid mechanical connection?

5.How will steer-by-wire system work?

6.HowwillanX-by-wiresysteminfluence(влиять)thepowersupplyofa car?

7.What does Delphi’s steer-by-wire system feature?

8.What does ETC do?

9.What are its benefits?

Лексическое упражнение

В списке А даны некоторые слова и выражения, которые использованы в тексте C. Найдите их перевод в списке В.

Урок 3.5

Фонетическое задание

Прочитайте транскрипцию в списке A, соотнесите её с соответствующим словом из списка B и переведите слово на русский язык. Учтите, что не все слова списка В даны в списке А.

Текст А

CONVENTIONALELECTRONICFUEL INJECTION (EFI)

The Electronic Fuel Injection system can be divided into three basic subsystems:fueldeliverysystem,airinductionsystem,andelectroniccontrol system.

The Fuel Delivery System consists of the fuel tank, fuel pump, fuel filter, fuel delivery pipe, fuel injector, fuel pressure regulator, and fuel return pipe.