Урок 1.4

Фонетическое задание

Прочитайте транскрипцию в списке А, соотнесите её с соответствующим словом из списка В и переведите слово на русский язык. Учтите, что не все слова списка В даны в списке А.

А

[o'bso:b]; [jnsju'leijbn]; ['9э:тэ1]; [kan'tinju:]; ['temprotfa]; ['laitweit]; [po'sent]; [ri'dju:s]; [ik'spensiv]; [9ru:]; ['тезэ]; ['veori]; ['faebrikeit];

['paetan]

В

through pertain ^Q ^ "'throw V^-tr percent very

ab&to ' ' insulation4° radius patterntл contain

measure temperature continue , reduce mega

vary jifalU thermal lightweight fabricate expensive

Текст A

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY AND SOUND ABSORPTION

A building ought to be warmer than the outside air in cold climates and cooler than the outside air in hot climates. Heat flows to a cooler area like water flows to a lower level. The flow continues until outside and inside temperatures are equal. Heat movement takes place by conqqctifrn through any object that separates areas of different tempera-tures. The rate at which the movement of heat takes place vgriejjf with the material through which the heat passes. The rate is measured as thermal conductivity (U) of heat (in British thehnal units (Btu)) that is transmitted per square foot of cross section per hour per °F difference in temperature between the two sides of the material. Insulation, which is matenal with a very low U, is used in order to make the rate of heat flow as low ^ possible. The U of a matenal varies directly with its density. The best insulation, Expanded plastic foam, consists of bubbles with the proportion of solid material less than 1 percent of the volume and the rest consists of air or gas. Insulation is also made of other porous material. However, some structural matenals also have a low U factor and therefore serve as insulation. Wood and certain types of lightweight concrete are two such matenals.

Sound Absorption Loud sound should be avoided in most buildings and has to be reduced by the use of acoustic material which is to absorb it, whether it is produced in the building or outside. Sound is absorbed by air spaces in the material. Porous material is used, or material is fabricated with a pattern of openings so as to be able to absorb sound. Wood and porous concrete are the most effective in sound absorption.

Notes:

bubble п. пузырь, пузырек

cool adj. прохладный

expanded plastic foam пенопласт

loud adj. громкий

porous adj пористый

sound absorption звукопоглощение

warm adj теплый

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1. What ought a building to be in cold climates and in hot climates?

2. What is the reason for that?

3. What is the cause of heat movement?

4. What does the rate of heat movement depend on?

5. How is the rate of thermal conductivity measured?

6. What is insulation?

7. Why is expanded plastic foam the best insulation?

8. What other materials have good insulation?

9. How should loud sound be reduced?

10. What is sound absorbed by?

11. Упражнение 1. а) Переведите на русский язык приведенные ниже существи-

    

    тельные:

    What materials are the most effective in sound absorption?

Лексические упражнения

lightweight concrete, conduction, space, level, opening, density, movement, sound, percent, foot, heat, pattern, insulation, difference, thermal conductivity, flow, side, temperature

прилагательные и наречия:

solid, outside, effective, acoustic, possible, like, direct, expensive, inside

служебные слова и обороты:

глаголы:

transmit, fabricate, continue, separate, absorb, avoid, reduce, measure, vary, pass

б) Какие из перечисленных глаголов являются неправильными? Укажите их формы. Укажите также правильные глаголы, имеющие особенности в написании при добавлении окончания -ed.

в) Какие из перечисленных слов могут быть другими частями речи? Какими именно? Как они в этом случае переводятся на русский язык?

Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие слова на английский язык:

ползучесть; количество; разрушение, потеря несущей способности; прочность; площадь, пространство; тип; поперечное сечение; поток, течение; теплота; предмет, объект; изоляция; пространство, место; звук; плотность; скорость, степень; сторона; пропорция; состав;

производить, изготовлять; случаться; приводить к; производить, выпускать; поглощать; использовать; состоять из; проходить; повторять; позволять; служить; течь; полагать, считать; меняться); избегать; отличаться, разниться;

горячий; разный; действенный, эффективный (2); тепловой; близко, близкий; несколько; непосредственный, прямой; строительный; дорогой; внутренний; сплошной, целый; снаружи;

как, подобно; слишком, также; для того, чтобы; через, сквозь; даже; между; хотя (2); ниже, под; до, до тех пор пока; вдоль; потому что

Упражнение 3. Какие термины, связанные с изоляционными свойствами материалов, встречаются в тексте? Перечислите их и дайте перевод на русский язык.

Упражнение 4. Какие из указанных переводов слов являются ошибочными. Укажите правильный перевод.

степень служить преимущество

.._r hole 'f весь Дс _f .

механизм for

depend number step

degree

serve

advantage

aggregate

layer

dimension case

each other weight

compression the same

сжатие несколько

jpCafr

так как зависеть число этап

вместо f ударная нагрузка

укладка / О'Г размер случай друг друга весить

together impac

t

J

\

sometimes что-то Ч withstand сшях^рядом ^г v (

mortar строительный раствор resist сопротивляться

rod ржаветь excessive дорогой , _t '' /

Упражнение 5. а) Дайте антонимы следующих слов:

outside, cold, increase, give, short

b) Дайте синонимы следующих слов: because, change, divide, fabricate, under

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на глагол д страдательном залоге.

1. Loud sound is avoided in most buildings.

2. Unit strain was caused by unit stress.

3. The material will be stressed near to the failure stress.

4. The rate is measured as thermal conductivity of heat.

5. Usually failure unit stress is determined experimentally.

6. This unit stress is called the working unit stress.

7. Sound x^ill be absorbed by air spaces in the material.

8. Unit

strain'can be shown by stretching a rubber band.

9. Sound must reduced by the used of acoustic material.

10. Important factors arc listed here.

11. The loads cah be c^lchlated.

12. Insulation was also made of other porous material. -

13. That ability depends on the size and shape of the objcct and the matenal of which it is made.

14. Unit stress is expressed as pounds per square inch.

Упражнение 2. Определите функцию глагола "to be" в следующих предло­жениях. ^с Cf iO

rf*OC(K

1. The engineers are designing a new building now.

2. The building insulation was to be examined (обследовать).

3. Steel and cement were introduced in the nineteenth century.

4. Modern cement which was called Portland cement was invented in 1824.

5. Portland cement is a mixture of limestone and clay.

6. Construction materials are to perform under specific conditions of usage.

7. In the basis of all these qualifications is the knowledge of materials.

8. The plans explain briefly what materials are to be used.

9. They were discussing (обсуждать) sound insulation of a house when we came.

10. 28

    All basic matenals are to be described.

S , are- ClrxtУпражнение 3. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на заменители модальных глаголов.

1. The designer has to make plans which consist of drawings.

2. This design should be discussed.

3. The designer also explains the characteristics which the materials are to have.

4. Failure takes place when an object is not able to serve its purpose.

5. New insulation materials had to be developed (разрабатывать).

6. In cold climate buildings ought to have thermal insulation.

7. Sound should be avoided in most buildings and has to be reduced by the use pf acoustic material.

8. Material is fabricated with a pattern of openings so as to be able to absorb sound.

Упражнение 4. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на степени срав­нения прилагательных.

1. Не had much more serious problems than we thought (полагать).

2. The thermal insulation of this building is the worst.

3. The unit stress at the location of the highest stress must be considered.

4. It will be easier to calculate the load if we use this method.

5. The material which was selected is the best.

6. The smaller the unit stress, the more times it must be repeated to cause failure.

Упражнение 5. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на функции

слова '4hat".

1. Heat flows to an area that is cooler.

2. That the sound insulation of the house was bad was to be considered.

3. That is the design that we are to discuss.

4. Those tests were made by the engineers.

5. We know that concrete is a mixture of cement, sand, aggregate and water.

6. Beams that support a roof can be made of steel, concrete or wood.

CAftUA*

Упражнение 6. Переведите следующие группы существительных:

а**ЙГ

heat movement, movement rate, material density, sound absorption, air spaces, creep ^LL deformation, stress location, failure cause, sound insulation, construction material.

Текст В

The most important properties of building materials are theifcost, their mechanical properties, jwhich include their weight, theiV mfefrtiaf and acoustic properties, their durability and their resistance to fire. Other important properties which are connected with the basic properties of the material arc the ease of manufacture of the material, the

29 *V t V V* XUl - CI' L к\ * corrosion and chemical resistance

corrosion and chemical resistance and the texture and appearance of the material.

Building materials may be divided into natural and artificial. The examples of natural building materials,are xyood, sand, clay. The examples of artificial building materials are cement, concrete, brick. The most important mechanical properties of building materials are their weight, tensile strength, shear strength, compressive strength, fatigue resistance, elasticity and creep under load. Other important mechanical properties are their strain capacity and their resistance to rain and moisture. All these properties of materials are based on those values which are given by standard tests and, in many cases the full details of the test ought to be known in order to assess the material. Some properties, for example the compressive strength of concrete, depend on the way the test is done and are based on other general properties.

Notes:

assess v. определять, оценивать manufacture п. производство, изготовление strain capacity деформационная способность, податливость texture п. структура; текстура

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1. What are the most important properties of building materials?

2. Are there any other important properties of building matenals? What are they?

3. What are the two types of building materials?

4. What are the examples of each type?

5. What are the important mechanical properties of building materials?

6. What values are they based on?

7. Does the way the test is done influence any properties?

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Найдите в тексте глаголы в страдательном залоге. Переведите их на русский язык.

Упражнение 2. Проанализируйте подчёркнутое в тексте предложение: выделите в нём подлежащее, сказуемое и второстепенные члены и укажите часть речи, которой являются эти члены предложения.

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. а) Переведите на русский язык приведенные ниже суще­ствительные:

resistance, cost, capacity, example, durability, way, moisture, appearance

прилагательные и наречия:

chemical, mechanical, general, full

служебные слова и обороты:

which, the most, under, in order to

глаголы:

base, connect, include, divided

b) Если Вы не знаеге слово, найдите его в словаре. Выпишите из словаря то значение слова, в котором оно использовано в тексте.

Упражнение 2.	Найдите перевод слов списка А в списке В.
A	В	A	В
зависеть от	property	огонь	artificial
их	these	легкий	shear strength
коррозия	fatigue	кирпич	clay
сопротивление сдвигу	fire	усталость	corrosion
стандартный	standard	свойство	ease
глина	brick	эти	their
искусственный	some	тот же	depend on

Упражнение 3. Напишите предложения с каждым из перечисленных ниже

слов:

appear - appearance resist - resistance

Текст С

ft и OL*Uct#t<-

MODERN BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURAL MATERIALS

Many great buildings which were built centuries ago can still be seen in Greece and Italy, France and England. All of these buildings were construction solutions to difficult construction problems. These great buildings were not the result of scientific knowledge. They were constructed on the basis of experience, often as the result of trial and error. They have survived because of the great strength that was built into them - strength greater than necessary in most cases.

Today, however, the engineer has the advantage not only of empirical information, but also of scientific information that allows him to make.carcful design. When a modern engineer plans a structure, he considers the total weight of all its component materials. This is known as the dead load, which is the weight of the structure itself. He has also to

3

1consider the live load, the weight of all the people, cars, furniture, machines, etc. that the structure is to support when it is in,use. In structures such as bridges that are to support fast traffic, he has to consider the impact, the fo^ceat which the live load will be exerted ✓

on the structure. He must also determine the safety factor, that is, an additional capacity (>. ' to make the structure stronger than the combination of the three other factors.

The modem engineer should also understand the different stresses to which the materials in a structure are subject. They include the opposite forces of compression and tension. In compression the material is pushed together; in tension the material is pulled apart or stretched, like a rubber band. In the figure below, the top surface is bent inwards, and the material in it is in compres-sion. The bottom surface is bent outward, and the «

material in it is in tension.

In addition to tension and compression, another force which is called shear should be considered. Shear is the tendency of a material to crack and break along the lines of stress. The-shear may occur in a vertical plane, but it may also run along the horizontal axis of the beam, the neutral plane, where there is neither tension nor compression.

Altogether, three forces can act on a structure: vertical - those that act up or down; horizontal - those that act in horizontal plane; and those that act upon it with a turning motion. Forces that act at an angle are a combination of horizontal and vertical forces. Since the buildings that are designed by engineers are to be slationafy or stable, these forces must be balanced. The vertical forces, for example, ought to be cgualtQ each other. If a beam supports a load above, the beam itself has to have sufficient strength to counterbalance that wpi^ht. Jhe horizontal forces must also equal each other so that there is not too much tnrust either to the nght or to the left. And forces that may pull the structure around must be equal to the forces that pull in the opposite direction.

Notes:

altogether adv. в целом, всего

empirical information п. эмпирическая информация

furniture п. мебел

ь

machine п. оборудование, станок, устройство

push together) v. зд. сжимается

scientific adj. научный

stationary adj. устойчивый, неподвижный

survive v. уцелеть

today adv. в наше время, теперь

trial and error (метод) проб и ошибок

turning motion вращательное движение

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1. Where can great buildings, which were built centuries ago, be seen?

2. How were these buildings constructed?

3. Why did they survive?

4. What are the advantages a modem engineer has?

5. What does a modem engineer take into account to plan a structure?

6. What stresses must a modem engineer understand?

7. What are the forces that can act on a structure?

8. How must the forces be balanced?

Лексическое упражнение

В списке А даны некоторые слова и выражения, которые использованы

тексте для домашнего чтения. Найди их правильный перевод в списке В.

А

additional I angle

because of'' component У' construct 43 . dead load <. exert

necessary; only 4 <4 plane run Л"< solution* strong w surface *o counterbalance vertical

В

^вертикальный ; временная нагрузка

дополнительный _щсак далее JL с тем чтобы _линия нажим, усилие

. нижним < поверхность Мпроходить Г ттрбчный -г-етрбйть ^только ( трескаться 4 устойчивый

crack etc. 1( inwards ; { line £ live load z opposite С right 1 _ so that Г stable 1С still г о sufficient?/ thrust ^

- 4 достаточный —над

оказывать (действие) ^ось

2-плоскость ^противоположный ^решение д-из-за

составляющая

А В

above Z 2 уравновешивать axis ч 1 > внутрь bottom с* вправо combination

сочетание -fBj. уго

лУрок 1.5

Фонетическое задание

Прочитайте транскрипцию в списке А, соотнесите её с соответствующим словом из списка В и переведите слово на русский язык. Учтите, что не все слова списка В даны в списке А.

А

['eareit]; [kon'tinjuas]; ['тек&э]; ['fainal]; ['ssikamstaens]; ['okjupaij; ['faiba]; [kjuo]; ['spe/э!]; [peist]; [,pri:'ka:st]; [ tipikal]; ['ka:stii)]; [fain]

В

»

finipuuMC 'specular^ fine ьИ*^ occupy^"*" пиуог

precast final > _{Г ( С(Я} continuous > typical paste lAjUi ' '

0 pasta At/^L circumstance majoryok⁴^ casting p^uj-^agosting OtfaU-^ precious^kfibrcfo^cMju special aerate i cure

Текст A

CEMENT AND CONCRETE

mM '

jCAUM* tfCUjtlA, tcudem. Ът* - ttuww■ The basis of modern production of elements ih concrete is cement powder, one of the most versatile bindtrs About 950 million tonnes of cement powder is produced each year around the wodA ^ Г- ~ ^_w

Concretes can Vary greatly in their composition but those in general use are: high \ strength concrete, normal wbght ^opcrete, lightWelgfit^concrete, aerated concrete, and fibre reiAftjrccd concrete. Mostly,"Portland cement is used but other cements are used in special circumstances. Concrete may be unrein forced, reinforced w ith steel or fibres Г prestrrssrd Another important distirfction Is by method of production hpt

piibM concrete? which is poured into its final position on site, and precast concrete, which is poured and curcd in a factory and must then be transp<

poured and cured in a factory and must then be transported to site. Concrete elements tan also be precast On site andliftcd into tjicir final position by crane. Methods are available for continuous casting ofcoincrete, both vertically and horizontally.

The basic components of concrete are coarse and fine aggregate, cement powder and water; admixtures arc sometimes added in too. Most often the fine aggregate is & sand. The quantities of aggregates, cements or admixtures which are used may vary in particular circumstances. A typical concrete is a two-phaso material with 60-75% of coarse and fine aggregate, which is the filler material and 25-40% of ccment paste, which is the binder. This paste is hardened and formed from the reaction of water and cement

LJiQCh- ^ ^c?

с

№

'lup /о

powder. Voids of free water and air occupy between one and ten per cent of the volume of the mix and have a major influence on the strength and other properties of the mix.

Notes:

coarse adj. крупный fibre reinforced concrete фибробетон phase п. фаза, этап, стадия powder п. порошок reaction п. реакция

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

What is one of the most versatile binders? - J|/f

What kinds of concrete are there?

How can concrete be made stronger?

What is "cast-in-place concrete"?

What kind of concrete is poured and cured in a factory?

Where can precast concrete be made?

How can concrete elements be lifted into their final position? С t О \

What are the basic components of concrete? '</' ' G /;- , 4 or

What is fine aggregate?

What makes the concrete paste harden?

What does a typical concrete consist of?

What influences the strength of the mix?

1.

2 3. *> 4.

I

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

5. 11. 12.

Лексические упражнени

я

Упражнение 1. а) Переведите на русский язык приведенные ниже

distinction, aerated concrete, filler, casting,

наречия:

прилагательные и

concrete, void, tonne

,

continuous, cast-in-placc, fine, major, particular, final,

* Шши L

I'll uM

.. most! v.

служебные слова и обороты:

< v

about, both...and..., mostly,

Ал

Ал 14

а**ЙГ 30

б) Какие из перечисленных птаголов являются неправильными? Укажите их формы. Укажите также правильные глаголы, имеющие особенности в написании при добавлении окончания -ed.

в) Какие из перечисленных слов могут быть другими частями речи? Какими именно? Как они в этом случае переводятся на русский язык?

Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие слова на английский язык:

состав; фабрика; влажность; способность; линия; напор, нажим; кран; опыт; строительная площадка, место; мир; элемент; потеря; поверхность; плоскость; сочетание; угол; устойчивость; долговечность;

сгибать; включать; течь; соединять; меняться; планировать; классифицировать; поднимать; проходить; уравновешивать; ( быть) в широком использовании; оказывать (действие); основывать, базировать; уменьшать; трескаться; транспортировать;

типичный; свободный; специальный; нормальный; прочный; устойчивый; дополнительный; тщательный; нейтральный; горизонтальный: основной; искусственный; химический; быстрый; » .w

iwJs ь М^Ч ^ М¹-

вверх; так что; часто; ни ... ни ...; вниз; сквозь; для того, чтобы; подобно; над; вокру^

Упражнение 3. Какие типы бетона упоминаются в тексте? Перечислите их и дайте перевод на русский язык.

Упражнение 4. Какие из указанных переводов слов являются ошибочными. Укажите правильный перевод

.

column advantage - carbon 4 condition gravity available each a little 4 reason safety

колонна

преимущество

углерод

состояние

гравий

доступный

каждый

небольшой

причина

безопасность

long \ further quantity for strain due to twist load

allowable obtain

долго

дальнейший качество в течение сжатие

для того, чтобы изгибать нагрузка допускать - tu получат

ь

Упражнение 5. Дайте производные от перечисленных ниже слов. Укажите часть речи, которой является данное слово и его производные. Переведите их на русский язык. В скобках указано количество производных, которое встречается в уроках 1-5.

y+ftu /t Ay

аАч r> V С* du

• » — i ..

construct (1), add (2), crack (2), cast (2), mix (2) strong (2), fail (1)

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на слова, обра­зованные по способу конверсии. Укажите признаки, которые позволяют опреде­лить, какой частью речи являются подчёркнутые слова.

1. The two most important building materials appeared in the 1century.

2. The Greeks sometimes used iron rods to strengthen the building.

3. He dcsfgns^buildings.

4. New designs are the result of new materials and building methods.

5. The plan shows what materials a builder must use.

6. They plan the building process.

7. Concrete is very versatile.

8. Builders had to concrete the holes.

9. He described new concrete blocks.

10. Each building fur&ions for a long time.

11. This material has several functions.

12. Heat flows to a cooler area.

13. The flow continues until outside and inside temperatures are equal.

14. He has to know the subject of design procedures.

15. If concrete is subjected to tensile stresses, it must be reinforced with steel.

Упражнение 2. Переведите производные слова согласно схеме: основа глагола + -ег/ог = существительное

to produce - producer	to invent - inventor
to heat - heater	to lose- loser
to calculate- calculator	to operate - operator
to build - builder	to bind - binder
to read - reader	to use - user
to construct - constructor	to design- designer

Упражнение 3. Переведите производные слова согласно схеме: прилагательное + суффикс -1у = наречие

natural - naturally wide - widely

short - shortly serious - seriously

usual - usually bad - badly

constant - constantly general - generally

great - greatly easy - easily

Упражнение 4. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на наоечия.

!. The plans explain briefly what materials must be used.

2. Steel, basically an alloy of iron and a small amount of carbon.

3. A sample of rubber becomes substantially shorter and a little wider.

4. Usually failure unit stress is determined experimentally.

5. The material is used inefficiently.

6. Shearing unit stress acts unequally.

Упражнение 5. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на страдатель­ный залог сказуемого.

1. About 950 million tones of cement powder are produced each year.

2. Different cements are used in special circumstances.

3. In order to get the necessary properties special admixtures are sometimes added to concrete.

4. An advantage of concrete is the ease with which its properties can be changed.

5. Concrete may be unreinforced, reinforced with steel or prestressed.

6. Concrete was poured into its final position on site,

Упражнение 6. Прочтите следующие числительные:

21.02.1974; 987; 3256; 839,200; 3,482,408; 795; 437; 12,457; 73,042; 02.08.1982. Текст В

PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE

Concrete has many characteristics that make it a construction material which is used most widely. Concrete is easily available, it can take the shape of the form which it is placed in, and its properties can be easily changed.

Basically, concrete is 60-80 percent aggregates (sand, stone), which arc filler ingredients, and 20-40 percent "paste" (water, Portland cement), which make the binder ingredient. These materials are combined or mixed, and cured to produce the hardened concrete.

The strength of the concrete depends on the strength of the aggregate-paste bond. The entire mass of the concrete is placed in a plastic state and almost immediately begins to develop strength (harden), a process which, under necessary conditions, may continue for years. Because concrete is at the beginning in a plastic state, it can be used in all kinds of construction, no matter what their size or shape are. But concrete in a plastic condition must be placed within forms, and these forms cannot be removed until the concrete has hardened.

In types of work where concrete is subjected to counteract compressive stresses, it is a very good building material. However, if the concrete is subjected to tensile stresses, it must be reinforced with steel, as concrete is weak in tension.

Notes:

beginning п. начало

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1. Why is concrete most widely used?

2. What is it made of?

3. What does the strength of concrete depend on?

4. Where is concrete placed?

5. When must it be reinforced with steel?

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Найдите в тексте примеры конверсии. Переведите их на русский язык.

Упражнение 2. Найдите в тексте слова, образованные с помощью суффик­са - ег. Переведите их на русский язык.

Упражнение 3. Найдите в тексте слова, образованные с помощью суффик­са - 1у. Переведите их на русский язык.

Упражнение 4. Проанализируйте подчёркнутое в тексте предложение: выделите в нём подлежащее, сказуемое и второстепенные члены и укажите часть речи, которой являются эти члены предложения.

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение I. а) Переведите на русский язык приведенные ниже существительные:

form, mass, characteristics, percent, binder, state, shape, tension, bond, drawback,

прилагательные и наречия: easy, weak, entire, plastic, available, immediately,

служебные слова и обороты: almost, within, no matter what, however, most, as, глаголы:combine, place, remove, change, cure, subject.

b) Если Вы не знаете слово, найдите его в словаре. Выпишите из словаря то значение слова, в котором оно использовано в тексте.

Упражнение 2. Найдите перевод слов списка А в списке В.

растягивающее напряжение

до тех пор пока не

вместо

балка

принимать

твердеть

В

tensile stress its

certain kind require shock

сжимающее напряжение

low until

harden take

определённый necessary

beam

compressive stress удар

тип его, её

необходимый instead

низкий требоват

ь

слов:

Упражнение 3. Напишите предложения с каждым из перечисленных ниже

basic - basically produce - productio

nfdt/asiici(fC - ^cc/uujlcj

Прочитайте транскрипцию в списке А, соотнесите её с соответствующим словом из списка В и переведите слово на русский язык. Учтите, что не все слова списка В даны в списке А.

А

['JriQkicft]; ['reijisu]; [pra'vaid]; [kemikal]; [sd'mikstfa]; ['э:Иэ]; [in'grirdiant]; [,djura'biliti]; ['sAlfeit]; ['djuarii)]; [a'plai]; [,p3:mis'biliti];

[kan'traul]; [greid]

admixture' > ingratitude chemical perineability apple

grade cruoUo^^^L^^JijW^ ^central ingredient

durability apply* i* during shrinkage ratio /CAVpfnujC^i

sulphate provide great altgr admission

Wutitutb

$

CONCRETE MIX r *t J

i» / Л

CV

The type of c^ncrc^e mix ai^th^, properties of the hardened concrete may be altered. In order to do that the proportions of the ingredients may be varied, the type of cement and aggregates may be altered and admixtures may be used. The aggregates must be strong and dilrablematerials in order to take the loads that are applied and ought not to react chcmically with the cement paste/Aggregates help to reduce the volume changes in the concrete due to shrinkage or temperature changes. Aggregates can be

selected in order to provide 9 concrete with properties such as low weight, low shrinkage,

JZA, , мТодСТ^шТХ, . . ⁰ 7т/

high thermal insulation, good fire resistarce.- fr^r^

Various kinds of cement are аЧдп аЫе, for example, those which harden rapidly or

those which resist chemical attack, such as sulphates in the soil. Blended cements are

also available which give low heat output aunng the curing period of concrete. The

blended cements^cop^i^ of mixtures of Portland cement and admixtures which are

carefully graded, "these mav replace up to about 70% of the Portland cement which

would have been reqiiireaG "

The mix prpporjipp^of the concrete, and admixtures, will generally control the

strength, permeability, frost resistance and resistance to chemical attack. The strength o

f

дьрилл^

the hardened concrete depends greatly on the water to cement ratio. A typical value of this ratio should be about 0.5 by weight. An increase in the value оуЬдпфо would produce a concrete with more voids and result in lower compressive strength^ A large number of properties, such as tensile strength, durability, chemical resistance and density; _L are connected with the compressive strength of concrete. _f • a G т^&У^

attack п. атака, разрушительное воздействие

blended cement многокомпонентный портландцемент

frost resistance морозостойкость

output п. выработка

react v. реагировать

repiacc v. заменять

sulphate п. сульфат

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1. How can the properties of concrete be altered?

2. What kind of material must aggregates be?

3. How do aggregates influence the volume changes in the concrctc?

4. How can aggregates be selected?

5. What kinds of cement are there?

6. What do the blended cements consist of?

7. What is the amount of admixtures in the blended cements?

8. What will the mix proportions of the concrete control?

9. What does the strength of the hardened concrete depend on?

10. What properties are connected with the compressive strength of concrete?

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. а) Переведите на русский язык приведенные ниже существительные: . ^ _иС

shrinkage, increase, ratio, curing, thermal insulation, permeabilify, soil,v^vvx **'

прилагательные и наречия generally, durable, rapid,:

служебные слова и обороты:

during, up to,

глаголы:

control, apply, grade, provide, alter, help.

б) Какие из перечисленных глаголов являются неправильными? Укажите их формы. Укажите также правильные глаголы, имеющие особенности в написании при добавлении окончания -ed.

в) Какие из перечисленных слов могут быть другими частями речи? Какими именно? Как они в этом случае переводятся на русский язык?

Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие слова на английский язык:

заполнитель; свойство; пропорция; добавка, присадка; изменение; сорт, тип; вес; величина; плотность; огнестойкость; состав (смеси); отношение, соотношение; прочность; пустота; смесь;

изменять(ся); состоять (из); соединять; требовать; зависеть (от); твердеть; размещать, класть; уменьшать; удалять; производить; противостоять; приводить к; подвергать; выдерживать (бетон);

долговечный, стойкий; тщательно; легко; весь; имеющийся в распоряжении; в значительной степени; высокий; пластичный; низкий; быстро; прочный; типичный; слабый; широко;

как ... так и ...; внутри; который; приблизительно, около; в течение; те; например; такой как; из-за; тот.

Упражнение 3. Какие термины, связанные с бетоном и его составом, встречаются в тексте? Перечислите их и дайте перевод на русский язык.

Упражнение 4. Какие из указанных переводов слов являются ошибочными. Укажите правильный перевод.

along	no	even	если
drawback	недостаток	certain	неопределенный
costs	расходы, затраты	state	состояние
vary	отличаться	lift	поднимать
directly	прямой	general	главный
between	между	way	образ действий
too	дважды	various	разнообразный
up to	верхний	durable	длящийся
inside	внутренний	apply	применять, прилагать
provide	давать	separate	разделять

Упражнение 5. Объясните разницу в значении перечисленных пар слов:

durable - strong small - fine

void-hole ф

surface - plane M"^J

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите следующие условные предложения.

V.,

1. The properties of the hardened concrete will be altered if the proportions of the ingredients are changed.

2. Steel wouldn't have become available in large quantities if the Bessemer process hadn't been invented (изобретать).

3. If the owner wanted this builder to do the building work he would give him the con-tract.

4. If the beams support a plaster ceiling they fail at a unit stress that causes plaster cracking.

5. I would have told her about the examination if I had seen her yesterday.

6. If a force remains constant the cross section unit stress will change when the cross section changes.

7. If the cost of this building material were lower we would choose it.

8. If I had seen my friend on Monday, 1 would have asked his advice (совет).

9. We shall have to wait for him if he doesn't come in time.

10. Concrete wouldn't crack if it were reinforced.

Упражнение 2. Переведите предложения. Помните о сослагательном наклонении. , -, . <

£м> fa uU/шлл cotptfuft ufM&HMiMtf^euttiefyZyftp^

1. It would be better to reduce temperature changes.

2. For this purpose concrete would be easier to produce at the factory.

3. We could have used somq adnruxtures but we didn't know the results of the test.

4. Smaller $ize would irtCfpase

deform&tibrt.

5. An increase in the vbtfrc'ol''this ratio would produce a concrete with more voids.

Упражнение 3. Прочтите следующие числительные.

V_|0; 0.46; 2.54; 684.75; ^J/_$; 0.5; 2.5; 3.63; 8S; ⁷/_g; 35.04; 28.8; 'Л; 65.5; 0.91; V₄;

Упражнение 4. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на заменители модальных глаголов.

1. Sometimes concrctc should be used reinforced with steel..

2. Concrete that is precast at a factory has to be transported to the site.

3. The builders were not able to precast concrete on site because of bad weather (погодные) conditions.

4. The quantities of aggregates, cements or admixtures were to be varied according to the design.

5. A typical hardened and compacted concrete is a two-phase material with aggregate, which should be an inert filler material.

6. Concrete ought to be placed in a plastic state in a form.

7. Because concrete is at the beginning in a plastic state, builders are able to use it in all kinds of construction.

8. If concrete is to counteract tensile stresses, it has to be reinforced with steel.

Упражнение 5. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на оборот

there + be.

1. There are different kinds of concrete reinforcement.

2. There will be precast walls in this building.

3. There were temperature changes which caused cracking.

4. There mustn't be weak aggregates in a concrete mix.

5. There are natural and artificial building materials.

6. There should not be too much thrust either to the right or to the left.

Текст В

CHARACTERISTICS OF STRUCTURAL CONCRETE

The important general characteristics of hardened normal weight concrete and concrete structures, which are made with Portland cement, compared to other building materials and structures are as foljqws: J^ri 'oj са-К

• Concrete has a high compressive strength, so that it is particularly suitable for use in walls and columns. , m L f.f.'

• If it is not in the form of prestressed concrete, concrete has a low strength to weight ratio which results in general choice of steel or timber beams when there are long spans, and light loads which are applied, jpЧ л,

• In building, the weight of concrete can provide good sound insulation, for example in floors. U>§o/U^i< (

Concrete has good fire resistance. This property often gives it an important advantage over steel. The fire resistance can be made a little lower by aggregates that contain silica.^ / ' ' •

There is no damage to reinforced concrete at temperatures which are lower than 300°C (580°F) and a limestone aggregate can withstand temper-atures up to about 800°C (1,500°F) without great damage.'^ T"Unreinforced concrete is able to withstand amounts of tension, up to approximately '/₁₀ of its compressive strength. This property is of great importance as it allows concrete to withstand some shear stress without cracking.

Wvf, m&/v\Jp v^v К

Notes:

silica п. крсмнсзСм

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1. How many important general characteristics of hardened concrctc structures are there?

2. What are they?

3. How can fire resistance of concrete be influenced?

4. What temper-atures can limestone aggregate withstand?

5. How high are the amounts of tension that unreinforced concrete is able to withstand?

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Найдите в тексте условное предложение. Переведите его на русский язык.

Упражнение 2. Найдите в тексте числительные. Прочитайте их.

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. а) Переведите на русский язык приведенные ниже существительные:

sound, insulation, timber, floor, wall, choice, span, choice, importance, damage,

It i

прилагательные и наречия: light, a little, particularly, other, suitable, approximately,

служебные слова и обороты: as follows, as, without, so that, for example, by, some, compared to, глаголы:

contain, apply, provide, give, withstand, allow.

b) Если Вы не знаете слово, найдите его в словаре. Выпишите из словаря то значение слова, в котором оно использовано в тексте.

46

Упражнение 2. Найдите перевод слов списка А в списке В.

В

strength

огнестойкость ^ shear stress

армированный бетон reinforced concrete конструкционный бето»^вШ1СШга1 concrete известняк К cracking

j выдерживать ;;

nru^rmfivrtrTL

напряжение сдвига ? fire resistance часто junomft

растрескивание f натяжение 2 количество / преимущество'' нагрузка I

В

tension load

importance limestone withstand often

QniyantaoA

au v a! lla^C

прочность / значение 1о J

.

слов:

Упражнение 3. Напишите предложения с каждым из перечисленных ниже

durable - durability important - importanc

ell Ql^ US Wp iitaC'b tJ>>-

Урок 1.7

Фонетическое задание

vi» -

Прочитайте транскрипцию в списке А, соотнесите её с соответствующим словом из списка В и переведите слово на русский язык. Учтите, что не все слова списка В даны в списке А.

[hju:'midit ]; ffblau]; ['modorit]; [selsias]; [I'nijal]; ffaeranhait]; ['ridjid]; [э:Гдэи]; ['parmanant]; ['еэпэ]; [a'veilabal]; [sig'nifikantli]; ['ju:3U3li];

[ik'stri:mli]

в

humidity cellulose permanent extremely

Текст A

although

Celsius

fellow

a&M/g

•ПЪуиЩ

regard

usually

Fahrenheit

bw ■

humanity ^V^*** ^f0ll0W

significantly

OOUt/1 CONCRETE PART

I

A l/ | ^ ^ " ₍ f IV _{t t}

j, A property, that is particularly connected with concrete is shnnkagc, which is the permanent, contraction^ copcrete.Jt is caused by loss of water from the cement paste after hardeningj^e^rate of shrinkage is rapid in the period which immediately follows the set of the concrete but becomes much slower ^jth time\ Because of thqjow tensile strength of concrete, shnnkagc when it is limited leads to crackingi рАи+оц/и

тент не

ease.

Cast-in-placc reinforced concrete as a method of construction is able to be applied

to non-standard areas and shepcs.1t forms heavy, rigid, fireproof construction with relative

taSwuZlL' klcA UZSSSSUCC, г.яСхЯА- y^o

Because all the necessary materials pre easily available, construction work in cast-

m-place concrete jnay start almost immediately, which sometimes gives faster completion times than if shop tabneated elements are used, such as those in steel or prccast conc/qte. ' (o \About 50% of the cost o(cast-in-place"construction1s that of the formwork. Hencc, ¹ b standard dimensions, that enable constant re-use of formwork, will significantly reducc the cost of cast-in-place concrete worji

—-— ✓

cure, "

b

In order to obtain good strength and durability», concrete must be allowed to

4

8

yp^ AW* _

in conditions of temperature and humility that are reasonably controlled after the initial set of the concr|t^ In general, moderate temperature^, between 20° C^and 40°Cj(68^oF^ and 86°F), and moist or wet conditions arc the best<4hc total curing penod is extremely' lon^ However, curing is often considered to be over after the concrete has gained a reasonable strength, although curing and strength are not related."^ minimum curing period is usually at least seven dayy⁷

Notes:

completion п. завершение, окончание contraction п. сжатие moist adj. влажный

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

/

1. What property is associated with concrete? f - i . „ - ^ ___

2

What is shrinkage caused by? - V, CJJf'C / С

3. What is the ^eof shrinkage? 2. ₍ ^бМЖи^Хк

4. Why does shrinkage lead to,cracking? 2» \\ > П СГ C-i

5. What is the a$antagc'of "clm^vplace reinforced concrete"?*^ V 6. Why is the use of cast-in-place concrete sometimes better than the use of shop £

fabricated elements? v 7. What is the cost of formwork? С < 8. Why is it useful to re-use the fornjwork? W ST

9. What should be done to oBtairi good properties of concrete? 5 4 10. What conditions are these?

11. What is the total curing period?

12. What is a minimum curing period? ^^

Лексические упражнения

Ал 14

а**ЙГ 30

служебные слова и обороты:

at least, hence, in general

,

о дУ^

глаголы: Ж

be over, enable, relate to), lead, follow, gain.

б) Какие из перечисленных глаголов являются неправильными? Укажите их формы.

в) Какие из перечисленных слов могут быть другими частями речи? Какими именно? Как они в этом случае переводятся на русский язык?

Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие слова на английский язык:

цементное тесто; долговечность; выдерживание бетона; опалубка; сборный (железо)бетон; влажность; форма, профиль; схватывание (смеси); твердение; предел прочности при растяжении; повторное использование; площадь, зона; скорость, интенсивность; свойство;

начинать; применять; формировать, образовывать; ограничивать; становиться; выдерживать (бетон); давать возможность; считать, полагать; вызывать; получить, добиться;

общий; монолитный; сразу, непосредственно; значительно; низкий, малый; доступный; быстрый; в особенности; постоянный; со временем;

как, в качестве; из-за; после; когда; такой как; для того, чтобы; между; однако; чем; часто; хотя;

Упражнение 3. Найдите в тексте термины, характеризующие положительные и отрицательные свойства бетона и процесса его изготовления. Перечислите их и дайте перевод на русский язык.

Упражнение 4. Какие из указанных переводов слов являются ошибочными. Укажите правильный перевод.

damage approximately -^shrinkage д» loss cracking cost span suitable dimension about

недостаток приблизительно усадка терять

растрескивание

отливать

пролёт

подходящий

размер

приблизительно - almost ^ connect 4- enable reduce Ц-contain —- floor Д-importance Д- as follows f condition 4 timber самый

соединять

позволять

сокращать

содержать

перекрытие

важный

как следует ниже

условие

лесоматериа

л

50

Упражнение 5. Дайте антонимы следующих слов:

precast concrete standard reduce

Ал 14

а**ЙГ 30

1. /If the beam is too long, or if it has to support too much weight, it is subjected to

SikwTJC lci(.C /i(>

2. One 6Гthe reasons these structures have survived (сохраняться) is because of

the great strength that was built into them. . ^

3. In Rome, for example, most of the people lived in great blocks that were often "Ten storeys (этаж) high.

4. When a modern engineer plans a structure, he considers the total weight of all its component material* ^ \

ly An engineer must consider thdjiyejiiaqjftte structur^wjll support when it is in use.

8. These properties of materials are based on the values which are given by ^standard tep>) _y

9. The shrinkage we observed (наблюдать) has stopped.J

10. The modern engineer must also understand the different stresses which the matenals in a structure are subject to.

Упражнение 2. Вспомните или найдите в словаре глаголы, от которых образованы следующие существительные. Переведите их. ^

absorption construction ---— production

action deformation solution

addition direction transportation

combination formation development

compression insulation placement

conduction location reinforcement

Упражнен^/£х)пределите функцию that в следующих предложениях.

1. A property that is connected with concrete is shrinkage.

2. About 50% of the cost of cast-in-place construction is that of the formwork.

51

3. Engineers know that standard dimensions will enable to re-use the formwork.

4. Three forces can act on a structure: those that act up or down; those that act in horizontal plane; and those that act upon it with a turning motion.

5. Sound is absorbed by spaces in the material that contain air.

6. An important mechanical property of building materials is that of strength.

7. Steel and cement appeared in the nineteenth century and people had been producing steel up to that time by a process that limited its use.

8. We must determine the safety factor, that is, an additional capacity to make the structure stronger. ,

r\

Упражнение 4y Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на залог сказуемого. V

_t

w^uvcuu ит щр®*. w I⁰⁰⁰

_{в Г1} '^umt .

5. The at the_nlocation of the highest umt stress is considered.

7. The actual unit stress changes when the cf^ scrim) ie changed. ^^^a^th^uuA CuAa

8. Qhit stress is computed on the basis of the area as it is before any force is applied.

Упражнение 5. Переведите предложения. Определите, к какой части речи относятся подчеркнутые слова.

1. It forms heavy, rigid, fireproof construction with relative ease.

2. Construction work in cast-in-place concrete may start almost immediately.

3. In order to construct a building, engineers must determine several important factors.

4. Wind increases loads a structure is subjected to.

5. The increase of these forces may cause deformation.

6. Concrete gains strength with time.

7. The gain of strength of these concrete units was achieved by the use of new admixtures.

8. It will reduce the cost of concrete work.

9. Engineers have to know how much this or that building matenal costs. 10.Standard dimensions enable constant re-use of formwork.

II.It is possible to re-use the formwork in cast-in-place construction.

Concrete is subject to dimensional changes due to temperature variations, initial

shrinkage and moisture movements among others. Concrete has low tensile strength

It^jy^iod^

and the dimensional changes may cause cracking of the concrete. Measures which prevent cracking are necessary in the design of concrete structures but may not always be completely successful. * -

An elastic material under load is subject to a deformation which causes an elastic strain. Some materials, including concrete, continue to change although there is no₍c increase in load. This deformation causes a further strain, the cteep strhin, which for concrete, over time, is usually greater than the elastic strain; the creep strain always increases with time and finally reaches a limit. Creep lls'hfghcr at higher temperatures and is about double at 70°C (158°F) that at 20°C (68°F). The effects of shrinkage can be reduced if construction joints are provided. _л, /

Concrete has a relatively high value of elastiij.rnodulus. For example, a concrete column of common proportions has only elastic deflections under load. Concrete may also be useful as a tie when it is required to limit the extension; the tie would normally be prestressed. Long term loads cause further slow deformations by creep and this effectively reduces the value of the elastic modulus of the concrete.

Notes:

clastic strain упругая деформация measure п. мера

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1. What causes dimensional changes of concrete?

2. What does a deformation cause in an elastic material?

3. What does elastic strain result in?

4. How does creep depend on temperature? •

5. How can the effects of shrinkage be reduced?

6. Does concrete have a high or low value of elastic modulus?

7. When may concrete be useful as a tie?

8. What reduces the value of the elastic modulus of the concrete?

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Найдите в тексте сложноподчинённые предложения. Выделите в них главное и придаточное предложение.

Упражнение 2. Найдите в тексте существительные, образованные с помощью суффиксов - ion, - ment. От каких глаголов они образованы?

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. а) Переведите на русский язык приведенные ниже существительные:

joint, variation, limit, deflection, elastic modulus, extension, tie,

53

прилагательные и наречия: long, term, completely, over time, successful, dimensional, double, common, elastic,

служебные слова и обороты: among, always, also, due to, only, глаголы:

prestress, prevent, reach, continue, require.

b) Если Вы не знаете слово, найдите его в словаре. Выпишите из словаря то значение слова, в котором оно использовано в тексте.

Упражнение 2. Найдите перевод слов списка А в списке В.

А В А В всё ещё	several	причина	allowable
нижний	double	несколько	still
элемент конструкции	project	поддерживать	bottom
внутрь	drawing	допустимый	inwards
основание	safety	надёжность	basis
стяжка	support	двойной	tie
проект	reason	чертёж	component

Упражнение 3. Напишите предложения с каждым из перечисленных ниже

слов:

reason - reasonable - reasonably vary - various - variation