- •Reviewing anatomy and physiology of the cardiovascular system
- •Mind the pronunciation:
- •Descriptive words for the heart murmurs:
- •Descriptive words for the arterial pulse:
- •Descriptive words for the heart sounds:
- •Ex. 7. Match the proper meaning of the words and their definitions:
- •Ex. 8. Read and translate into Russian:
- •Grammar
- •Pericarditis
- •Cardiovascular Diseases
- •Endocarditis
- •Angina Pectoris
- •Case: Chest Pain
- •What are the most common kinds of heart disease?
- •Effects of Myocardial Hypoxia
- •Hypertension
- •Renitec
- •Indications.
- •3. Express the main idea of the text in several sentences. Congenital heart disease
- •Rheumatic Fever and the Heart
- •2. Say which statements are false.
- •3. Which information in the text you didn’t know?
- •4. Retell the text using the true statements.
- •Coronary artery disease
- •1. Study the text “Pericarditis”. Read the passage dealing with the etiology of disease and express its content in 3-4 sentences.
- •2. Find and translate in a written form the passage dealing with the inspection of patients suffering pericarditis.
- •3. Convey the main idea of the text using the following models:
- •Pericarditis
- •Texts for listening comprehension
- •Blue Color (cyanosis)
- •Dizziness
- •Fatigue
- •Heart Rate Changes
- •Reviewing anatomy and physiology of the respiratory tract
- •0 2 And co 2 transport and internal respiration.
- •Grammar
- •1. Времена группы Perfect Continuous.
- •Common Respiratory Disorders
- •Characterizing Percussion Sounds
- •Radiography
- •Common symptoms of the diseases of the respiratory tract
- •Patients with diseases of the respiratory system
- •Acute Pharyngitis
- •Laryngitis
- •Bronchitis Acute
- •Bronchial asthma
- •Pleurisy
- •Pneumonia
- •Lung Cancer
- •Tuberculosis
- •Test yourself
- •Reviewing anatomy and physiology of gastrointestinal tract
- •How to Get Patients to Describe Abdominal Pain
- •Common digestive disorders
- •Gastritis
- •Chronic and Acute Gastritis
- •Ulcer Peptic (Duodenal)
- •Peptic Ulcer
- •Indigestion (Dyspepsia)
- •Gastroenteritis
- •Gastric Carcinoma
- •Carcinoma of the Stomach
- •Cancer Esophagus
- •Maalox Suspension
- •Texts for listening comprehension
- •Weight Loss
- •Nausea and Vomiting
- •Neoplasm
- •Test yourself
- •Reviewing Anatomy and Physiology
- •1.) Make up questions to ask about patient`s complaints.
- •2.) Dramatize the dialogue.
- •Assessing for Gallbladder Disease
- •Hepatitis - Viral
- •Cholecystitis-Acute
- •Cholecystitis
- •Acute Cholecystitis
- •Cholelithiasis and Related Disorders
- •Viral Hepatitis
- •Cirrhosis and Fibrosis
- •Fatty Liver
- •Test yourself
- •Contents
Effects of Myocardial Hypoxia
Anginal pain occurs during exertion, following heavy meals, and with anger, excitement and other emotional states; it is not precipitating by coughing or respiratory movements. When anginal pain is induced by walking, it forces the patient to stop or to reduce the speed, it is characteristically relieved by rest and nitroglycerin. The exact mechanism of the pain stimulus is still unknown, but it is probably related to an accumulation of metabolites within the heart muscle. Anginal pain occurs most typically in the substernal region, anteriorly across the mid-thorax; it may radiate to or rarely occur alone in the interscapular region, in the arms, shoulders, and teeth. The more severe the attack, the greater the radiation from the substernal areas to the left arm.
As a rule, myocardial infarction is associated with a pain similar in quality and distribution to that of angina but of greater intensity and longer duration. The pain of myocardial infarction is not relieved by rest or by coronary dilator drugs and may require large doses of narcotics. It may be accompanied by diaphoresis, nausea, and hypotension.
In addition to chest pain, a second effect of myocardial ischemia consists of electrographic changes. Many patients with angina have normal tracings between attacks, and the record may even remain normal during the episodes of pain.
A third effect of myocardial hypoxia is an alternation in myocardial contraction. It has been shown that the left ventricular and-diastolic and pulmonary vascular pressures may arise during anginal attacks, particularly if they are prolonged. This indicates transient depression of left ventricular function, which is induced by the decreased contractility of the ischemic areas. On auscultation a fourth heart sound is also frequently heard during the anginal episode; paradoxic pulsation in the precordium may be evident on palpation and can be regarded by apex cardiography.
Another characteristic effect of myocardial hypoxia is liability to sudden death.
Ex. 21. Read the text. Write down the key sentences of it using the following speech models:
a) This article deals with…
b) It is pointed out that…
c) It is stressed that…
d) It should be remembered that…
e) There is no doubt that…
Hypertension
Hypertension commonly comes to light as a result of some complicating episodes, or because of some functional disorders of when a blood pressure reading is taken during a routine medical examination.
On rare occasions, hypertension is revealed by severe renal failure with raised blood nitrogen or even uremic coma. Equally exceptional are bronchial or gastrointestinal hemorrhages as indicators of hypertension whereas epistaxis ( nose bleeding) is by no means a rare sign in elderly patients. More frequently, hypertension is revealed by a neurological or a cardiac complication.
The varied neurological complications are dominated by hemiplegia, but on occasions there may be signs of meningeal hemorrhage, sudden loss of vision or a facial palsy. Cerebral edema is particularly associated with pregnancy.
The commonest cardiac accident is an episode of acute left ventricular failure with pulmonary edema. Myocardial infarction is a less common indicator of hypertension.
Taken as a whole, some complications are more specific (left ventricular failure, cerebral hemorrhage, renal failure) while others simply indicate acceleration of the arteriosclerotic process under the influence of hypertension.
The symptoms are the main reason why a hypertensive patient comes to the doctor.
Headache is very common. The headache often resembles migraine.
Hypertension may be manifested by a cardiovascular symptom such as angina or dyspnea on exertion, or diagnosed when enlargement of the heart is discovered on a routine X-ray. Attention must also be paid to complaints of physical weakness, this is an early sign of hypertension.
The diagnosis of hypertension depends on a simple clinical measurement of blood pressure. This should be done systematically.
Ex. 22. Scan this medical annotation and give instruction for Renitec usage.