material for battery and electrode modifications have been noted for polyaniline–bentonite nanocomposite material [116]. Several reports on conducting polymer–clay nanocomposites relate to possible corrosion protection applications. For this purpose, nanocomposite material has been prepared by intercalation of aniline into montmorillonite clay, followed by oxidative polymerization, leading to low clay loading (approximately 0.75 wt%) material [117]. When coated on cold rolled steel, this material shows better corrosion protection properties, compared to the parent polyaniline [117]. Similarly, nanocomposite has been prepared by oxidative polymerization of o-ethoxyaniline in a solution containing dispersed montmorillonite clay platelets [118]. The resulting composite, having low clay loading of approximately 3 wt%, shows better corrosion protection for cold rolled steel than the parent poly(o-ethoxyaniline) [118]. A closely related preparation procedure has been used, and similar results regarding corrosion protection properties obtained, for polypyrrole–montmorillonite nanocomposite material [119].

6. Nanocomposites with organic materials

Polyaniline honeycomb films were obtained by electropolymerization within the voids of polystyrene nanospheres, precoated with cationic and anionic polyelectrolytes, and it has been shown that honeycomb films with desirable pore size, pore wall widths, and film thickness can be obtained by variation of the number of polyelectrolyte layers, and the polymerization conditions [120]. Polystyrene nanoparticles have been coated with polystyrenesulfonate-doped polyaniline via the alternative electrostatic layer-by-layer assembly technique, and it has been shown that polyaniline multilayers retain their electrochemical properties after removal of the core [121]. Stable dispersions of optically active core–shell colloids based on polyurethane have been prepared by electrohydrodynamic polymerization of aniline in the presence of camphorsulfonate [122]. The optical activity of the nanocomposites prepared increased upon standing after polymerization, accompanied by transformation from the ‘tight coil’ to the ‘expanded coil’ conformation.

Nafion membranes were modified by electrodeposition of polypyrrole inside the membrane pores [123]. For this, pretreated Nafion membranes were soaked in an acidic solution containing pyrrole monomer, and then placed into a two-electrode solid state electrochemical cell, where electropolymerization was performed galvanostatically. The polypyrrole grain size was found to be within the limits of 100–700 nm. Composite polyaniline-coated poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibres have been prepared by electropolymerization [124]. Three stages of a composite formation have been shown by scanning electron microscopy, i.e. adsorption of electrochemically formed nanometre-sized granular polyaniline onto the fibre, a fast increase of the size of the granular polyaniline up to about 90 nm, and linking of granular polyaniline to form a polyaniline network [124]. Aniline has been electropolymerized at a gold electrode modified with DNA as a template, and it has been shown by spectroscopy that polyaniline can be grown around DNA, building some kinds of nanowires [125]. Similarly, aniline has been electropolymerized at an ITO electrode modified

with a porphyrin derivative, forming a nanosized rod-like structure, reflecting the aggregation structure of the porphyrin derivative [126].

7. Expected applications

Conducting polymer-based nanocomposites are novel materials with a short history of study, hardly exceeding the past few years. This makes it difficult to foresee all of or even the main fields for future applications of these materials. Table 1 briefly summarizes some possible fields of application, suggested by the researchers working in this field.

Acknowledgment

The support for this work from the Lithuanian State Science and Studies Foundation (Project No C-03047) is gratefully acknowledged.

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