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Advances in Pharmaceutical Technology for Drug Delivery Systems (PTDDS), Volume 2

    


        
      
-



observed that hydrothermally prepared system (RGPP) had higher gene trans-

processesendorse covalent nucleophilic interaction among the epoxy moieties
-
∼
    
2
 

∼
FIGURE 5.5       
Nanocomposites.
Source
Society.
Graphene-based System for Drug Delivery and Biomedical Application
159
          
         



        


      


5.4.3 BIOIMAGING

  
-
ment, and prognosis compared to the normal physiological condition. In the

        
-
cability in this sector.
Despite various limitations such as background scoring, and photo-

     


         
  

  
-

2010).
       



       

160
Advances in Pharmaceutical Technology for Drug Delivery Systems (PTDDS), Volume 2
-

   


    -

 
          
         
FIGURE 5.6 In vivo         

    

       



Source           
Chemical Society.
Graphene-based System for Drug Delivery and Biomedical Application
161
       
      


While the other noninvasive, hybrid imaging technique, photoacoustic
         
          
        




-
      


       
2012). Other group developed graphene-tied poly(vinyl alcohol) microbub-

         


      
         





5.4.4 PHOTOTHERMAL THERAPY

-
-
peutic strategies. Photothermal therapy is one such novel approach. In


    -
   
162
Advances in Pharmaceutical Technology for Drug Delivery Systems (PTDDS), Volume 2
        

    
irradiation, thereby, killing both Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive)
and Escherichia coli
        
        

graphene nanomaterials plays a critical role in its applications. In a study ,

      -
      
   
     
-
cidal activity through photothermal therapy compared to the negatively



E. coli

al., 2017).


       

-

        
study exposed the BSA-rGO and DOX-BSA-rGO-treated U87MG cells
  
2
   

   -

 
and enhanced photothermal properties. Such nanopatch exhibited a higher
        
   

Graphene-based System for Drug Delivery and Biomedical Application
163
FIGURE 5.7 
       
2
       

culture medium, (B) BSA-rGO, and (C) DOX-BSA-rGO nanosheets. NIR irradiation groups:



Source           
Chemical Society.
164
Advances in Pharmaceutical Technology for Drug Delivery Systems (PTDDS), Volume 2
       


compared to uncoated rGO and gold-coated GO (Lim et al., 2013). Due to
-

context, a research group developed tripeptide -arginyl-glycyl--aspartic
       

        


           


5.4.5 TISSUE ENGINEERING



-


         


       
-
-


-

     

graphene and its derivatives in various tissue engineering applications.
     
and obesity demand bone tissue engineering. Due to the extraordinary

Graphene-based System for Drug Delivery and Biomedical Application
165





       
           
      
    

   
         

       




   

      

et al., 2022). In another study, researchers have developed hydroxyapatite



3
) and tensile strength (105
MPa) compared to the hydroxyapatite-PLA matrix. Such mechanically
tough matrix promotes bone regeneration (Chen et al., 2018). Furthermore,
       -
    





-

        

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Advances in Pharmaceutical Technology for Drug Delivery Systems (PTDDS), Volume 2
FIGURE 5.8 Specimen         
              
           
Chemical Society.

collagen, glycosaminoalycan, proteoglycans, and non-collagenous proteins,
        
 -

not regenerate upon damage. In this regard, cartilage tissue engineering



       
     
         
           
      
      
       


    
murine chondrocyte cells, and SW1353 cells. In vivo results depicted the
         
-
tions (Lyu et al., 2022).
      




Graphene-based System for Drug Delivery and Biomedical Application
167
In this scenario, several cardiac tissue constructs have developed to mimic the
ECM in the cardiac tissue through tissue engineering approaches. Graphene
     -



-

very close electrical conductivity and mechanical property compared to
  




      


    
is, Nkx 2.5and Connexin-43 could be observed (Pilato et al., 2023). Besides

engineering applications such as skin, muscle, and neural tissue engineering
due to their unique properties.

5.5 SUMMARY AND FUTURE PROSPECT

          
     

       


-

-

      

       
the end product. Furthermore, more in vivo    