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Advances in Pharmaceutical Technology for Drug Delivery Systems (PTDDS), Volume 2
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Advances in Pharmaceutical T echnology for Drug Delivery Systems (PTDDS), Volume 2: Recent Progress
in Biomedical Applications. Sougata Jana (Ed.)
© 2025 Apple Academic Press, Inc. Co-published with CRC Press (Taylor & Francis)
Graphene-based System for Drug
Delivery and Biomedical Application
SANTANU GHOSH
1
, SOUMYARUP DUTTA
2
, and MOUMITA KUNDU
2
1
2
CHAPTER 5
ABSTRACT
(2D) nanomaterial, in 2004, it gained mammoth research interest in various
sp
2
been developed including graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide
-
drug delivery , gene delivery , bioimaging, photothermal therapy, and tissue
engineering.
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Advances in Pharmaceutical Technology for Drug Delivery Systems (PTDDS), Volume 2
5.1 INTRODUCTION
-
sp
2
that is, graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), and graphene
-
elevated electron transport capacity at ambient conditions, desirable thermal
sensing, electronics, energy, and biomedical applications (Ghosh and Chat-
drug delivery, gene delivery, sensing, tissue engineering, etc. (Ghosal and
Sarkar, 2018).
Graphene-based System for Drug Delivery and Biomedical Application
141
including drug delivery, gene delivery, bioimaging, photothermal therapy,
and tissue engineering.
5.2 SYNTHESIS OF GRAPHENE FAMILY NANOMATERIALS
nanosheets, GO, rGO, and GQd. From bulk graphite, graphene sheets are
5.2.1 GRAPHENE SYNTHESIS
-
-
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Advances in Pharmaceutical Technology for Drug Delivery Systems (PTDDS), Volume 2
Ni (Reina et al., 2009). CVD technique has been also employed to develop
larger graphene sheets (in centimeters) using methane as the carbon source
attachment to the underlying silicon atoms. Here, the silicon layer serves as
an insulator and does not exert electronic properties like graphene. Note-
the solution processable technique to prepare graphene has been recently
Graphene-based System for Drug Delivery and Biomedical Application
143
-tyrosine (Shams et al., 2015).
5.2.2 GO AND RGO SYNTHESES
-
also employed to produce GO.
to produce graphite oxide through oxidation (Brodie, 1860). Staudenmaier
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Advances in Pharmaceutical Technology for Drug Delivery Systems (PTDDS), Volume 2
acid reacts to potassium permanganate to produce dimanganeseheptaoxide,
FIGURE 5.1
Source
Chemical Society.
Graphene-based System for Drug Delivery and Biomedical Application
145
researchers used several reducing agents including potassium hydroxide,
-
tive agent, sodium borohydride decreases the electrical resistance less than
5.2.3 GQD SYNTHESIS
Several processes are included under chemical ablation, that is, solvo-
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Advances in Pharmaceutical Technology for Drug Delivery Systems (PTDDS), Volume 2
-
°
3+
metal
Graphene-based System for Drug Delivery and Biomedical Application
147
60
60
5.3 CYTOCOMPATIBILITY AND BIOCOMPATIBILITY OF GRAPHENE
AND ITS DERIVATIVES
-
-
ones and hydrophilic is more cytocompatible than the hydrophobic graphene
high stability in biological medium thereby reducing the cytotoxicity. For