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DivyaSingh
AmitKumarMishra
AkhileshwarKumarSrivastavaEditors
Stress-responsive
Factors and
Molecular Farming
in Medicinal
Plants
Stress-responsive Factors and Molecular
Farming in Medicinal Plants
Divya Singh
•
Amit Kumar Mishra
•
Akhileshwar Kumar Srivastava
Editors
Stress-responsive Factors
and Molecular Farming
in Medicinal Plants
https://t.me/medicina_free
Editors
Divya Singh
Department of Mulberry Physiology
Central Sericultural Research and Training
Institute
Mysore, India
Amit Kumar Mishra
Department of Botany
Mizoram University
Aizawl, India
Akhileshwar Kumar Srivastava
Department of Plant Cell Biotechnology
Central Food Technological Research
Institute
Mysore, India
ISBN 978-981-99-4479-8 ISBN 978-981-99-4480-4 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-4480-4
# The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore
Pte Ltd. 2023
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether
the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of
illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and
transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by
similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication
does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant
protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or
the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any
errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional
claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721,
Singapore
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Preface
Plants have provided all major requirements for human life such as shelter, clothing,
food, fla vors, and fragrances including medicines. Plants have made the basis of
traditional medicine systems like Ayurvedic, Unani, Chinese, and others. Such
traditional systems of medicine have provided to some crucial drugs that are still
used today for the treatment of several ailments. Medicinal plants, a source of
various phytochemical components, are currently faced with different environmental
stresses during their growth and development. Several ecologically limiting factors
such as temperature, carbon dioxide, lighting, ozone, soil water, soil salinity, and soil
fertility have consequential effect on secondary metabolic processes of medicinal
plants whereas the secondary metabolites are used as vital naturally derived drugs
such as immune suppressants, antibiotics, antidiabetics, and anticancer agents.
Plants are capable of synthesizing different kinds of secondary metabolites to
combat the adverse impacts of stress.
At present, the harsh environmental condit ions negatively impact the sustainable
potentiality of the plant system. For instance, the continuous increase in global
temperature every year exposes plants to high heat waves during their entire life
cycle. In the near future, it is expected that the integration of drought, salt stress, and
heat stresses at the global level might severely impact the health of plants and their
gross yield. Several metabolic pathways of plants and their products are impacted by
climate changes with subsequent changes in quality. Overall, under adverse
conditions, plants are obligated to adapt to environmental stresses and withstand
the environmental changes, which in turn alter their physiological, metabolic, and
molecular functions. They also protect and improve the physical development of
plants even under conditions of water scarcity, soil salinity, temperature variation,
and metal toxicity. Therefore, understanding the response of environmental stress
signals and the balance between defensive and developing mechanism in plants
establishes the basis for improving plant resilience.
The book explains the molecular resilience of medicinal plants in adverse envi-
ronmental conditions by explaining the medicinal properties under harsh conditions
(such as UV-B, water deficit, cold stress, heavy metals, and salt stress), importance
of gene expressions, epigenetic regulation, the role of melatonin, gene regulation for
PGPR status of aquaporins-related genes, genomic instability under salt stress, cell
signaling in cold stress, and the role of miRNA in plant adaptation. In addition, some
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of the chapters have been designed to describe the next-generation sequencing of
genes and the CRISPR/Cas editing tool associated with metabolic pathways for
molecular farming of medicinal plants to overcome future challenges from environ-
mental stress. The current perceptive on the relevant information explained in the
book will be able to fulfill the requirements of students, researchers, and scientists
from diverse fields, such as environmentalists, agricultu
ral scientists, and
pharmacologists working in the areas of environmental stress and medicinal plants.
vi Preface
Mysore, India Di
vya Singh
Aizawl, India Amit Kumar Mishra
Mysore, India Akhileshwar Kumar Srivastava
https://t.me/medicina_free
Contents
1 An Overview of Medicinal Plants: Drugs of Tomorrow . .... ..... 1
Ramesh Kumar Ahirwar
2 Medicinal Properties of the Plant Under Adverse Environmental
Conditions .............. ................ .............. 17
Abhijeet Mahana
3 Response of Secondary Metabolites of Ocimum gratissimum L.
Under Copper Stress Condition ... .... .... .... .... .... .... . 29
Mamta Bisht, Geeta Tewari, Chitra Pande, and Ankit Joshi
4 Resilience Mechanism of Medicinal Plants Under Harsh
Environment . .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. . 43
Tiago Benedito dos Santos, Silvia Graciele Hülse de Souza,
Hélida Mara Magalhães, Ilara Gabriela Frasson Budzinski,
and Ana Cláudia Pacheco Santos
5 Nature Interpretation Sites: A New Hope of Ex-situ Garden for
Conservation and Cultivation of Economically Important RET
MAPs in Higher Himalayan Regions . ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... 69
Jaidev Chauhan, Vijay Kant Purohit, Pradeep Dobhal,
Rajeev Ranjan Kumar, Ajay Hemdan, P. Prasad, and M. C. Nautiyal
6 Gene Expression in Medicinal Plants in Stress Conditions .. ... . . 89
Sadashivaiah, L. Sunil, and R. Chandrakanth
7 Revealing the Epigenetic Mechanisms Underlying the Stress
Response in Medicinal Plants .. ... .. .. ... .. .. ... .. ... .. .. . 107
Chandrashekhar Singh, Rajesh Saini, Richa Upadhyay,
and Kavindra Nath Tiwari
8 Transcriptional Regulation in Biosynthesis of Phytochemicals in
Medicinal Plants Under Stress Conditions .. ... ... ... ... ... ... 123
Akruti Gupta, Kishore Kumar Gupta, Sanjay Kumar Gupta,
and Prashant Kumar Mishra
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viii Contents
9 Role of miRNA in Medicinal Plants Under Stress Condition ..... . 141
Akhileshwar Kumar Srivastava, Ishita Chatterjee, Shreshtha Mishra,
Vaishnavi Tripathi, Wafia Zehra, Khushboo Chakrwal,
and Vibha Agrawal
10 Secondary Metabolites Biosynthesis and Related Gene Expression
Under Ultraviolet-B Radiation .............. .............. 155
Avantika Pandey, Deepanshi Jaiswal, Madhoolika Agrawal,
and Shashi Bhushan Agrawal
11 Signaling Molecules in Medicinal Plants Response to Cold
Stress ... ..... ..... .... ..... ..... .... ..... ..... .... .. 169
Guru Kumar Dugganaboyana, Sahana Shivaramakrishna,
Jajur Ramanna Kumar, Gopalakrishnan Velliyur Kanniappan,
Chethan Kumar Mukunda, and Rathi Muthaiyan Ahalliya
12 Aquaporins Gene Expression in Plants Under Stress Condition . . . 193
Aradhana Mishra, Preksha Jaiswal, Akhileshwar Kumar Srivastava,
and Divya Singh
13 Genomic Instability in Medicinal Plants in Response to Heavy
Metal Stress ............... ........................... 207
W. Jabez Osborne and Shivang i Sharma
14 Proteomics Response of Medicinal Plants to Salt Stress .......... 227
L. Sunil, Sadashivaiah, R. Chandrakanth, and Darshan Dorairaj
15 Regulation of PGPR-Related Genes in Medicinal Plants in Adverse
Conditions .............. ................ .............. 243
Kanti Kiran and Gunjan Sharma
16 Role of Phytomelatonin in Plant Tolerance Under Environmental
Stress ... ..... ..... .... ..... ..... .... ..... ..... .... .. 275
Sachin Kumar, Akanksha Pandey, Monika Singh, Sudhanshu Mishra,
Sandeep Kumar, Navneet Bithel, and Minakshi Rajput
17 Omics’ Approaches to Analysis of Stress Response Genes in
Medicinal Plants ... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... 303
Diksha Sharma
18 Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) for Metabolomics Study in
Medicinal Plants Under Stress Condition ....... ............ . 323
Smaranika Pattnaik
19 Targeted Improvement of Medicinal Plant Under Stress Condition
Through CRISPR-Cas-Mediated Genome Engineering ... ... .... 345
Priyanka Shah, Priya Patel, Manisha Hariwal, Shweta Verma,
Rahul Yadav, and Sanjay Kumar
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Contents ix
20 Molecular Farming of Medicinal Plants in Face of Environmental
Challenges .............. ................ .............. 359
Priya Patel, Priyanka Shah, Manisha Hariwal, Shweta Verma,
Rahul Yadav, and Sanjay Kumar
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Editors and Contributors
About the Editors
Divya Singh is presently working as Scientist-B in the Department of Mulberry
Physiology, CSRTI, Mysore, India. Her research specialization is primarily in
genetics, proteomics, metabolomics, toxicology, bioinformatics, and molecular
biological evaluation in various plant models to elucidate the physiological changes
under stress condition. In her 11 years of research experiences, she has published
nine peer-reviewed publications, two books (one edited and one authored) including
six book chapters, and several presentations at local and international scientific
meetings.
Amit Kumar Mishra is currently working as assistant professor in the Department
of Botany at Mizoram University, Aizawl, India. He has 12 years of research
experience in physiological and molecular mechanisms of plant responses to high
carbon dioxide levels, tropospheric ozone, drought, heat, nitrogen limitation,
ultraviolet-B radiation, and other abiotic stresses. He has published 13 research
articles in reputed journals and one edited book including three chapters during his
research work. He has also visited Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel, and
Texas A&M University, USA.
Akhileshwar Kumar Sr ivastava works as a Research Associate (ICMR) in CSIR-
Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, India. In his 11 years of
research, he has published more than 17 research articles in international journals of
repute and two books (Elsevier publication) including nine book chapters. His
research specialization is primarily in the area of pharmacognosy with genetics,
metabolomics, bioinformatics, and molecular biology-associated targeting virulent
factors of diseases. Also, he has studied at Augusta University (formerly, Georgia
Regents University) in Augusta, GA, USA, on a J-1 Exchange Scholar Visa and at
Ben-Gurion University, Israel. He is also a life member fellow in Indian Science
Congress and Agriculture, Nutrition and Health Academy, UK.
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