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Nature Interpretation Sites: A New Hope
of Ex-situ Garden for Conservation
and Cultivation of Economically Important
RET MAPs in Higher Himalayan Regions
5
Jaidev Chauhan, Vijay Kant Purohit, Pradeep Dobhal,
Rajeev Ranjan Kumar, Ajay Hemdan, P. Prasad, and M. C. Nautiyal
Abstract
The Himalayan mountain ecosystem offers a wide range of goods and services to
humanity, benefiting both mountain dwellers and non-mountain dwellers. Moun-
tain ecosystems play a crucial role in maintaining the hydrological cycle with
feedback to regional climate and by modulating the runoffs regime, along with
this mountain vegetation and soil play a significant role in lowering or mitigating
risks from natural hazards. This is especially true of the great Himalaya, which
serves as a rich source of hotspots of biodiversity. From a social perspective,
mountains are of global significance as key destinations for tourist and recrea-
tional activities. Many alpine medicinal and aromatic plants are threatened by
increased anthropogenic pressures in the Upper Himalayan region, pushing them
closer to the endangered category. Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. ex Royle, an
economically valuable medicinal plant native to the Himalayas, is now
designated as endangered on the IUCN (2020) red list. It is one of many
economically valuable medicinal plants that are now included in the RET cate-
gory. Hence, a new Nature Interpretation Site was built at Baniyakund,
Rudraprayag, Uttarakhand at 2460 m asl in the 2016–2020 timefra me in order
to conserve related Rare, Endangered, and Threatened (RET) species. A number
of RET alpine medicinal and aromatic plant species have had their germplasm
preserved there, along with some other ex situ gardens.
Keywords
Medicinal plants · Nature Interpretation Site · RET species and conservation
J. Chauhan (✉) · V. K. Purohit (✉) · P. Dobhal · R. R. Kumar · A. Hemdan · P. Prasad ·
M. C. Nautiyal
High Altitude Plant Physiology Research Centre, HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal,
Uttarakhand, India
#
The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte
Ltd. 2023
D. Singh et al. (eds.), Stress-responsive Factors and Molecular Farming
in Medicinal Plants, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-4480-4_5
69
https://t.me/medicina_free
70 J. Chauhan et al.
5.1 Introduction
Ex-situ conservation is a term used to describe a number of conservation methods
that entail removing a target species from its native place and relocating it to a secure
area, such as a seed bank, botanical garden, or wildlife park. It primarily tries to
promote conservation by assuring the survival of endangered species and the
preservation of the genetic diversity that goes along with them. Ex-situ institutions
accomplish this by conserving the genetic or reproductive components of a target
species or by having to take care of the target species’ living members in to get them
ready for reintroduction. In its most basic form, the concept is likened to Noah’s ark,
where animals are housed in a secure environment until challenges to their survival
in the wild have been resolved and reintroduction is possible.
5.2 Techniques for Conservation
Ex-situ methods concentrate on populations of living things. The characteristics of
the species that must be conserved influence the short of material that must be
preserved, and the methods used to do this differ (e.g., whole animals, pollen, and
seeds). By conserving pollen, seeds, and plant shoots in slow- or suspended-growth
environments, ex-situ collections of plants can be formed (in vitro conservation).
5.3 Ex-situ Implementation
Ex-situ techniques are used to protect populations that are in danger of being
physically destroyed, genetic deterioration, to ensure an easily accessible, continu-
ous supply of reproductive material, either by creating a production source or storing
it, and to enable the commercial improvement/cultivation of a species through
breeding activities when protection in situ is not possible (Purohit et al. 2021).
Benefits from implementation of ex-situ conservation:
1. It works for rescuing threatened germplasm.
2. It generates materials for habitat and landscape management, habitat restoration,
translocation, reinforcement, and reintroduction.
3. It generates data for the preservation of biological studies.
4. Bulk up the germplasm as well for storage in different ex-situ facilities.
5. It provides material for a variety of uses, including relieving pressure on wild
collecting.
6. It quickly supplies those species with obstinate seeds that cannot be kept in a
seed bank.
7. It also produces knowledge and skills that serve more general conservation
objectives.
8. I
t provides assets for conser vation education and display available.
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S. No. Targeted groups Area
(continued)
5 Nature Interpretation Sites: A New Hope of Ex-situ Garden for... 71
5.4 Ex-situ Institutions and Their Contribution to In-situ
Conservation
One short of bio repository that specifically has an ex-situ mandate is genebanks.
Other organizations like zoos and botanical gardens are progressively taking up the
duties of genetic reserves agains t extinction and captive breeding facilities for
planned restoration efforts. Institutions can make the most of their ex-situ coll ections
by creating and incorporating resources for research, teaching conservation, and
building capacity, to name a few. Table
5.1 illustrates this. Ex-situ conservation
should be utilized if in-situ conservation, the ideal conservation strategy, is neither
feasible nor effective for a species’ immediate survival. In-situ (“on site”) conserva-
tion refers to the employment of conservation techniques in the same area as the
conservation aim (species, ecosystem, or population) (Nautiyal and Nautiyal
2004).
Although formerly both techniques were regarded of as separate conservation
strategies, ex-situ and in-situ conservation are implemented together within regional
conservation plans to more successfully meet biodiversity conservation goals. In-situ
conservation practices are the primary method of conservation because they facilitate
the preservation of a larger variety of ecological and evolutionary processes
(Fig. 5.1).
5.5 List of MAP’s Ex-situ Gardens in Uttarakhand
Name of botanical
garden/ex-situ
Total number of
species conserved
1. Experimental Botanic
Garden, Northern
Regional Centre, Pauri
Medicinal endemic
plants and national
gymnosperm collection
750 species 35
acre
2. Experimental Botanic
Garden, Northen
Regional Centre,
Khirsu
Nature reserve and
other endemic and
threatened plants of the
area
– 18
acres
3. Experimental
Botanical Garden,
Northern Regional
Centre, Dehradun
Endemic and
threatened plants of
Uttarakhand and Uttar
Pradesh
350 species >5
acres
4. Veer Chandra Singh
Garhwali University of
Horticulture and
Forestry (V.C.S.G.U.
U.H.F), Bharsar, Pauri
Garhwal
Nature reserve’ and
other collection of
MAP’s including
threatened plants of the
area
100 species >7
acres
5. High Altitude Plant
Physiology Research
Centre,
H.N.B. Garhwal
University, Srinagar,
Pauri Garhwal
Collection of all
MAP’s species
100 species >7
acres
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S. No. Targeted groups Area
72 J. Chauhan et al.
Name of botanical
garden/ex-situ
Total number of
species conserved
6. High Altitude Plant
Physiology Research
Centre,
H.N.B. Garhwal
University
Alpine Field Research
Station Tungnath,
Rudraprayag
Alpine RET medicinal
and aromatic plant
species
<50 RET species <2
acres
7. High Altitude Plant
Physiology Research
Centre,
H.N.B. Garhwal
University
Multipurpose Plants
Production and
Field
Research Garden,
Lumkundi, Chamoli
Herbal nursery of
Cinnamom tamala and
other temperate
medicinal, aromatic
and spices of
Uttarakhand
100 species >5
acres
8. High Altitude Plant
Physiology Research
Centre,
H.N.B. Garhwal
University
Nature Interpretation
Site, Baniyakund
(NIS), Rudraprayag
Sub-alpine RET
medicinal and aromatic
plant species
<20 species and
germplasm bank of
Aconitum sp,
Nardostachys
jatamansi, Rheum sp.,
etc.
2 acres
9. High Altitude Plant
Physiology Research
Centre,
H.N.B. Garhwal
University
Herbal Garden
Pothibasa,
Rudraprayag
A vast Germplasm
Bank of Picrorhiza
kurrooa and sub-alpine
RET medicinal and
aromatic plant species
<10 species but more
than 50 lakhs of
Picrorhiza kurrooa of
planting material
>2
acres
Figure plates of some important RET MAP species as above discussed in
Table
5.1.
5.6 Conclusion
Plant genetic resources enable the development of superior, fruitful, and hardy crops.
The depletion of plant genetic resources are referred as genetic erosion. In light of
this loss, plant genetic resources must be conserved and exploited
wisely. A. Preserving plant genetic resources Plants are conserved based on how
useful they may be to humans now or in the future. Plant genetic resources can be
preserved in their natural habitats (conservation is a deliberate, continuing endeav-
our). The preservation of plant genetic resources is a continuous, protracted process
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S. No. Botanical name
Vernacular
name/
tradename Useful part(s) Major chemical constituents Important medicinal properties Genebank
1. Aconitum
heterophyllum
Wall. ex Royle
(Ranunculaceae)
Atis, Aconite Tubers Atidine, hetidine, heterophylline
diterpene alkaloids, aconitic acid,
atisinium, lappaconitine, 2-O-
cinnamoyl hetisine
Diarrhea, stomach disorders,
fever, helminthiasis, cough,
dyspepsia, bitter tonic
, BN,AFS
HG
AFS, BN
HG, CH,
LK
2. Acorus calamus Linn.
(Aracaceae)
SweetFlag,
Vach,
Calamusroots
Rhizome Acorin, α-asarone Emetic, carminative, flatulence,
diarrhea, digestive complaints,
bronchitis, sinusitis, stimulant
HG,
LK
CH,
3. Ajuga bracteosa Wall.
ex Benth (Lamiaceae)
Nilkanthi Whole plant Limonene, -humulene, -myrcene,
elemol, camphene,
-caryophellene
Astringent, tonic, diarrhea,
dysentery, fevers
BN,
LK
HG,
4. Allium humile Linn.
(Liliaceae)
Jambufaran Aerial parts Culinary herb, food flavoring
agent
Anti-microbial, anti-bacterial
ailments of goiter
HG
5. Aloe barbadensis Mill.
(Liliaceae)
Aloe,
Ghikawar,
Ghritkumari
Leaves Aloin, aloe-emodin,
chrysophanic acid
(chrysophanol)
Tonic, face wash cream, wound
healing, digestive
CH, LK
6. Aloy siacitrodora.
(L’Hér.) Britton
(Verbenaceae)
Lemon
verbena
Leaves and
flowering
tops
1,8-cineole, geranial, 6-methyl-
5-hepten-2-one, neral
Sedative, antispasmodic, herbal
tea, digestive disorders,
aromatherapy
HG,
LK
7. Ammi visnaga (Linn.)
(Apiaceae)
Honey plant Fruit and
seeds
Xanthotoxins Cough, asthma LK
8. Amomum subulatum,
Roxb. (Zingiberaceae)
Large
cardamom,
Badi elachi
Fruit and seed 1,8-cineol, limonene, terpinene,
terpineol, terpinylacetate,
sabinene, cardamojin
Vata, anorexia, colic, flatulence,
peptic ulcer, vomiting, wounds,
cough, bronchitis
CH, LK
(continued)
5 Nature Interpretation Sites: A New Hope of Ex-situ Garden for... 73
Table 5.1 List of germplasm/species conserved in different field genebank of high altitude plant physiology research centre along with its medicinal
importance
https://t.me/medicina_free
Table 5.1 (continued)
S. No. Botanical name
Vernacular
name/
tradename Useful part(s) Major chemical constituents Important medicinal properties Genebank
9. Arctium lappa, Linn.
(Asteraceae)
Greater
burdock
Seeds and
roots
Daucosterol, arctigenin, arctiin,
mataresinol, lappaol
Diaphoretic, baldness,
rheumatoid arthritis, eczema,
ringworm
HG, CH,
LK
10. Artemisia annua Linn.
(Asteraceae)
Sweet
wormwood
Herbaceous
parts
Artemisnin, camphor,
dihydroartemisnin
Anti-malarial, anti-cancer
activity
HG, CH,
LK
11. Aconitum balfourii,
(Bruhl) Muk.
(Ranunculaceae)
Meetha Vish Tuber Pseudoaconitine and aconitine,
norditerpenoides, 8-O-
methylveratrolypseudaconine
AFS, BN,
HG
12. Asparagus offi cinalis,
Linn. (Asparagaceae)
Tendori,
shatavar
Roots Steroidal saponins, asparagusic
acid, folic acid, arginine,
flavonoids
Diuretic, laxative, induce
sweating, gout, dropsy,
rheumatism, tonic
HG, CH,
LK
13. Asparagus racemosus
Willd. (Asparagaceae)
Satawar,
Satamuli
Roots Asparagin, shatavarin Anti-diarrheal, refrigerant,
diuretic, anti-dysenteric, tonic,
antispasmodic
HG, CH,
LK
14. Aconitum violaceum
(Ranunculaceae)
Atis Tubers Indaconitine Nervine tonic AFS, BN
15. Angelica glauca
(Apiaceae)
Choru Rhizome/
roots
Valeric acid, angelic acid,
angelisine resin
Stimulant, cardioactive,
carminative, digestive, sudorific,
expectorant and also for
stomachic properties
AFS,
BN,
HG
16. Berberis aristata
DC.
(Berberidaceae)
Barberry,
Kilmor
Root, bark Berberine, berbamine, palmatine,
oxyacanthine
Ear and eye diseases, jaundice,
gonorrhea
HG, CH,
LK
17. Berberis lyceum
(Berberidaceae)
Berberry Fruit, roots,
bark
Alkaloids, berberine, almatine Sore eyes, broken bones,
wounds, gonorrhea, piles
HG, CH,
LK
74 J. Chauhan et al.
https://t.me/medicina_free
(continued)
18. Bergenia ciliata
(Haw.)
Sternb.
(Saxifragaceae)
Pashanbhed,
Silparari
Rhizome Gallic acid, tannic acid, (+)-
catechin, gallicin, bergenin,
glucose, tannins, mucilage, wax;
C-glycoside, beta-sitosterol
Urinary troubles, earaches,
fevers, cough, colds,
hemorrhoids, backache, kidney
stones
BN, HG,
CH, LK
19. Carum carvi (Linn).
(Apiaceae)
Kalazeera Seeds Limonene, carvone, apiole Fever, headache, food flavoring HG|
20. Centella asiatica
(Linn.)
Urb.
(Hydrocotylaceae)
Mandukparni Whole plant Glucoside, asiaticoside, asiatic
acid
Memory enhancer, coolant,
headache
HG, CH,
LK
21. Chrysanthemum
Cinerariifolium
(Ttrevis)
Vis. (Asteraceae)
Pyrethrum Flower Pyrethrins, oleoresin Natural insecticide, insect
repellent
HG, CH,
LK
22. Cinnamomum tamala
NeesandEberm.
(Lauraceae)
Tejpat Fruit, leaves
and bark
Methyleugenol, eugenol, trans-
cinnamylacetate
Flavouring tea and food,
confectionary, cough, cold, spice
HG, CH,
LK
23. Curcuma longa Linn.
(Zingiberaceae)
Haldi,
turmeric
Rhizome Curcumene Cut, wounds, spices, face wash HG, CH,
LK
24. Delphinium
denudatum wall
(Ranunculaceae)
Nirvishi Tubers Campesterol, denudatidine,
condelphine, iso-talatizidine
Used for painful piles, muscular
atrophy, gout and as anervine
tonic also used as for adulterant
for aconite
BN, HG,
CH
25. Dactylorhiza hatagirea
(D. Don) Soo.
(Orchidaceae)
Hatazari Tubers Mucilage, phosphate, chloride,
glucoside-loroglossin
Used in treatment for diarrhea,
dysentery, chronic fever,
leucorrhoea
AFS, BN
26. Digitalis lanataEhrh.
(Scrophulariaceae)
Foxglove
Leaves Digoxin, digitoxin,
digitoxigenin, glucolanadoxin,
varadoxin
Cardiac glycoside, ulcers, boils,
headaches, paralysis, healing
wounds, sedatives, diuretics
BN, HG,
LK
5 Nature Interpretation Sites: A New Hope of Ex-situ Garden for... 75
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Table 5.1 (continued)
S. No. Botanical name
Vernacular
name/
tradename Useful part(s) Major chemical constituents Important medicinal properties Genebank
27. Digitalis purpurea
Linn.
(Scrophulariaceae)
Foxglove,
lady’s glove
Leaves Digitoxin, digoxin Heart failure, dropsy, sedatives,
diuretics
BN, HG,
LK
28. Halenia elliptica
D. Don (Gentianaceae)
Jiadiranguo Whole herb Xanthones and xanthone
glycosides, chromones,
flavonoids, secoiridoid
glycosides, triterpenoid alkaloids
Hepatoprotective, antiviral, and
antioxidant properties, and
enhance the immune response
effects, anticancer,
cardiovascular, and antidiabetic
BN, TN
29. Hedychium spicatum
Ham.exSmith.
(Zingiberaceae)
Kapoorkachari Rhizome Essential oil, resins, organic
acids, glycosides, albumen
Eardrop during secretion,
asthma, bronchitis
BN,
HG,
LK
30. Hippophae salicifolia
D.
Don (Elaeagnaceae)
Giwain, Silver
Berry
Fruits Vitamin C Cough, bronchitis, expectorant BN, HG
31. Heracleum candicans
(Apiaceae)
Hogweed Whole herb Isophellodenol, candinol,
candibirins, coumarins,
canditririns
Anti-microbial, anti-fungal,
fragrance
BN, HG
32. Hypericum perforatum
Linn. (Hypericaceae)
Bassant,
Balsaan
Whole herb Hypericin, pseudohypericin,
rutin, quercetin, hyperoside,
caffeic, methylhesperidin,
chlorogenic, p-coumaric, ferulic,
p-hydroxybenzoicand vanillic
acids
Antidepressant, sedative,
relaxing nervine, anti-
inflammatory; used in anxiety,
stress, depression, menopausal
nervousness, menstrual cramps,
neuralgia, and rheumatism
PN, BN
76 J. Chauhan et al.
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(continued)
33. Inula racemosa (Buch-
Ham.Ex D.Don)
(Asteraceae)
Pushkarmool Roots/
rhizomes
Inulin, sesquiterpene lactones,
mainly alantolactone,
isoalantolactone
Antispasmodic, stomachic,
antihistaminic, expectorant; used
for asthma, chronic bronchitis
and pulmonary disorders,
antiseptic, anti-bacterial, anti-
fungal, anti-inflammatory,
analgesic, cough, hiccup,
bronchial asthma, indigestion
BN, HG
34. Iris germanica Linn.
(Iridaceae)
Ghurbach Root Irigenin-S, iriside-A,
stigmasterol, irilone, irigenin,
iridin
Diuretic, expectorant, stomachic,
coughs, diarrhea, wounds,
dropsy
HG, CH,
LK
35. Lycopodium calvatum.
Linn
(Lycopodiaceae)
Horse fern
Common Club
Moss
Whole herb Alkaloids, lycopodine,
lycodoline, faucettimine,
lycoflexine, triterpenoids,
including clavatol and oxoserrat
derivatives; flavonoids including
apigenin; polyphenolic acids,
dihydrocaffeic
Sedative, antispasmodic, diuretic
(spasmodic retention of urine,
catarrhal cystitis and chronic
kidney disorders), andas a gastric
sedative in gastritis
BN
36. Malaxis muscifera
(Lindl) Kuntze
(Orchidaceae)
Risbhak Underground
part
Alkaloids, flavonoids,
glycosides, phenols, sterols
Used as an aphrodisiac, to cure
burning sensation, dysentery,
fever, as febrifuge, internal and
external hemorrhage, seminal
weakness, sterility, etc.
AFS, BN
37. Matricariach amomilla
L. (Asteraceae )
Chamomile Flower Farnesene, chamazulene,
flavonoids, (apigenin, quercetin,
patuletin, luteolin) coumarin
Sore stomach, irritable bowel
syndrome, gentle sleep aid,
mildlaxative, anti-inflammatory,
bactericidal
HG, LK
5 Nature Interpretation Sites: A New Hope of Ex-situ Garden for... 77
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