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n
29
Response of Secondary Metabolites
of Ocimum gratissimum L. Under Copper
Stress Condition
3
Mamta Bisht , Geeta Tewari, Chitra Pande, and Ankit Joshi
Abstract
Secondary metabolites obtained by the plants are important for evaluating the
nature of the medicinal components, also influenced by different environmental
stress factors. Metal toxicity is one of them. Copper being important cofactor for
many enzymes, which are involved in lignin and photosynthesis, affects plants at
higher level. At toxic level, it can accumulate in plant tissues resulting in an
oxidative damage of plant cell. Under copper stress condition, secondary
metabolites can precipitate metal by chelation or complex formation and defense
themselves by antioxidative damage. Thus, antioxidative and metal chelating
properties of secondary metabolites play a vital role in protecting against metal
induced stress. This chapter describes the imp act of copper stress on the second-
ary metabolites of Ocimum gratissimum L. O. gratissimum L. is one of precious
aromatic plants for its essential oils and is widely used in the food, fragrance and
pharmaceutical industries. A polyhouse study was conducted to measure the
effects of different copper stress levels (270, 500, 700 and 900 mg kg
-1
)i
triplicate along with an unmodified control on O. gratissimum volatiles. After
90 days, above-ground plant parts were harvested, hydrodistilled and analysed by
GC and GC/MS. Analysis revealed the presence of 19 – 23 identifiable compounds
M. Bisht (✉)
Department of Chemistry, School of Applied & Life Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun,
India
Department of Chemistry, D. S. B. Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital, India
G. Tewari · C. Pande
Department of Chemistry, D. S. B. Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital, India
A. Joshi
Department of Chemistry, School of Applied & Life Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun,
India
#
The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte
Ltd. 2023
D. Singh et al. (eds.), Stress-responsive Factors and Molecular Farming
in Medicinal Plants, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-4480-4_3
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representing 85.61–96.20% of the total oil. Eugenol was the dominant compound
in control and all amendments. After copper stress, eugenol conten t was found
higher for the plants grown in higher level of copper stress along with essential oil
yield when compared with the control. Thus, metal stress is one factor, which
affects the metabolic pathway of secondary metabolites.
30 M. Bisht et al.
Keywords
Ocimum gratissimum L. · Copper stress · Eugenol · Essential oil yield · GC · GC-
MS
3.1 Introduction
Environmental stress is a major problem g rowing rapidly nowadays due to industri-
alization and human activities, such as mining, smelting and electroplating. Copper
is general ly used in the manufacture of electrical wires, rings, machineries and
containers, so raised concentrations of copper in the soil have been found near
these regions. Further, use of copper bearing fertilizers to inhibit the attack of
pathogens also contribute toward copper toxicity in soil (Shahid et al. 2014). Copper
within a permissible limit is essential for plant growth and development. It activates
some enzymes in plants, which are involved in lignin synthesis, and also participate
in photosynthesis, electron transfer chain, nitrogen fixation, oxidative system and so
forth. Copper also plays a significant role in transcriptional signalling, transmission
and acceptance of ethylene signalling, oxidative phosphorylation and iron mobiliza-
tion (Gonzalez and Giege 2014). Excessive amounts of copper can supress photo-
synthesis, inhibit the enzymatic activity, induce deficiencies of other element, like
Fe, Ca, Mg, K and P, and affect the intracellular transport, distribution of substances
between plants organs and perturbs the process (Penarrubia et al.
2015). Moreover,
due to metal toxicity, health of human and domestic animals is disturbed. To reduce
food chain contamination, non-food crops, like medicinal and aromatic plants, can
be used as an alternate cash crop in metal elevated sites.
Ocimum gratissimum is an important erect aromatic shrub, which belongs to the
family Labiatae (Bisht et al.
2019
). Leaves of this plant are used as folk medicine,
and whole plant is used for medicinal purpose. The essential oil of the plant is well
studied for its antimicrobial, antioxidant, antifungal, antimutagenic and antidiabetic
activities. Further, O. gratissimum has been investigated for its volatile constituents;
however, in the current scenario of adverse environmental conditions, the molecular
studies of the secondary metabolites of the plant against metal stress still need to
explore. Previous studies suggested that some plants like Celosia argentea, Mentha
arvensis L. have ability to grow under copper stress condition (Bisht et al. 2021;
Wang et al.
2021). Keeping above points in mind, this study was an attempt to
explore the chemical profile of the plant under copper stress condition.
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3 Response of Secondary Metabolites of Ocimum gratissimum L.... 31
3.2 Materials and Methods
3.2.1 Sapling Collection, Identification, Polyhouse Experimental
Setup and Extraction of Oil
The saplings of O. gratissimum L. (Accession number 116136), purchased from
Medicinal Research Development Centre (MRDC), Pantnagar. The saplings were
transferred and cultivated in the earthen pots containing 5 kg of air-dried Cu
amended soils having four amendments (270 mg kg
-1
:Cu
270
; 500 mg kg
-1
:
Cu
500
; 700 mg kg
-1
:Cu
700
; 900 mg kg
-1
:Cu
900
) along with an unamended control
(Cu
0
) used for the experiment. Nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) and potassium
(K) were also added to all the pots in appropriate amount as to meet the requirement
of macronutrients (Bisht et al.
2021). Prior to the experiment, the modified soils were
incubated for 1 month; 3 months after planting, the above-ground parts of
O. gratissimum were harvested, and 100 g of each experimental material was cut
into small pieces and then hydrodistilled in a Clevenger for 3 h, repeated three times
for each supplement along wi th the control. The extracted oils were dried over
anhydrous sodium sulphate and kept at 4 °C until analysis.
3.2.2 Essential Oil Yield
The percentage oil yield (% w/w) was computed on the fresh weight basis.
Essential oil yield
=
Weight of hydrodistilled oil gðÞ
Weight of the plant mat
erial taken for hydrodistillation gðÞ
× 100
3.2.3 Essential Oil Analysis and Identification of the Volatile
Constituents
The analysis of extracted oils was performed in a GC and GC/MS apparatus 2010
(Shimadzu) and under similar conditions applied by Bisht et al. (2019).
The components of the essential oil were identified on the basis of retention
index, NIST and Wiley library search and by comparing with the MS literature data
(Adams 2007; Bisht et al. 2015).
3.2.4 Statistical Analysis
MS Excel was used to calculate the mean values and standard deviation, whereas
SPSS 16.0 software was used for statistical analysis of the data (Bisht et al. 2022).
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Table 3.1 Impact of cop-
per on weight (g) and yield
% (v/w) of
O. gratissimum L.
32 M. Bisht et al.
3.3 Result and Discussion
3.3.1 Essential Oil Yield
A variety of environmental stresses faced by medicinal plants during growth and
developmental stages. Various ecological limiting factors, such as soil fertility, soil
water, carbon dioxide, temperature, light and salinity of soil greatly affect the
physiological and biochemical responses of medicinal plants. Copper stress signifi-
cantly affected the oil yield of the plant, leading to increased yield with elevated
copper concentration with respect to control (Table
3.1). Our results were similar as
reported by Alizadeh et al., where an increased application of copper increased the
oil yield of summer savoury plant (Alizadeh et al.
2010). On the other hand, many
authors reported that the foliar application of micronutrients increased the essential
oil yield of some aromatic plants like fennel, Ocimum, chamomile and coriander
(Al-Humaid 2004; Youssef et al. 2004; Nasiri et al. 2010; Sinta et al. 2015). In
contrast, Ghorbanpour et al. and Zheljazkov and Nielsen recorded the essential oil
yield of O. basilicum reduced with elevated concentration of copper and zinc
(Ghorbanpour et al.
2016; Zheljazkov and Nielsen 1996a, b).
3.3.2 Impact of Copper Stress on the Secondary Metabolites
of O. gratissimum L.
Metals play important roles in plant metabolic functions, but at high amount, they are
toxic and disrupt physiological and biochemical functions (El-Sheekh et al. 2003;
Parmar and Chanda 2005; Jayakumar and Vijayarengan 2006). During metal stress
condition, oxidative stress defence mechanism was activated in the plants and affect
the pathway of secondary metabolites (Wang et al.
2021).
GC and GC/MS analysis showed the presence of 19–23 identifiable compounds
representing 85.61–96.20% of the total oil (Table
3.2). In the current research,
eugenol (64.62%) was the dominant compound in control followed by germacrene
D (8.45%), (E)-caryophyllene (2.89%), α-copaene (2.71%), δ-cadinene (1.05%) and
caryophyllene oxide (0.66%). Eugenol (68.80%) was found as a p redominant
Copper stress level Fresh weight (g) Oil yield % (v/w)
mg kg
-1
Mean ± SD Mean ± SD
Cu
0
105
d
± 2.0 0.2
a
± 0.0
Cu
270
55
c
± 1.0 0.4
b
± 0.1
Cu
500
50
b
± 1.0 0.2
a
± 0.1
Cu
700
40
a
± 1.0 0.5
b
± 0.1
Cu
900
140
e
± 1.0 0.4
b
± 0.1
Different alphabets in
the columns are significantly different and
alphabets (a–e) in each column are not significantly different
( p < 0.05) Duncan multiple range test
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4
5
(continued)
3 Response of Secondary Metabolites of Ocimum gratissimum L.... 33
Table 3.2 Effect of copper stress on the secondary metabolites of O. gratissimum L.
S. No. Compound name
RI Control
Cu
270
(mg kg
-1
)
Cu
500
(mg kg
-
1
)
Cu
700
(mg kg
-1
)
Cu
900
(mg kg
-1
)
Mode of
identification
(Adams
2007)
(% of oil
± SD)
(% of oil
± SD)
(% of oil
± SD)
(% of oil
± SD)
(% of oil
± SD)
1 α-Thujene 924 ND 0.02 ND ND 0.19 A, B
2 1-Octen-3-ol 974 0.15 0.10 ND 0.05 0.09 A, B
3 Myrecene 988 ND 0.20 0.05 0.05 0.23 A, B
(Z )-β-Ocimene 1032 0.01
a
± 0.00 18.97
e
± 0.08 0.44
b
± 0.02 7.99
c
± 0.04 13.97
d
± 0.38 A, B
(E)-β-Ocimene 1044 0.02 0.72 0.03 0.28 0.50 A, B
6 γ-Terpinene 1056 ND 0.10 ND 0.05 0.10 A, B
7 cis-Sabinene hydrate 1065 1.70 0.68 0.72 0.52 1.05 A, B
8 Linalool 1095 ND 0.11 1.23 0.14 0.13 A, B
9 Nonanol 1100 0.02 ND ND 0.07 ND A, B
10 α-Cubenene 1348 0.12 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.03 A, B
11 Eugenol 1359 64.62
d
± 0.03 41.83
b
± 0.02 62.74
c
± 0.052 27.28
a
± 0.04 68.30
e
± 0.11 A, B
12 α-Copaene 1376 2.71
d
± 001 1.07
c
± 0.01 0.60
a
± 002 ND ND A, B
13 β-Cubebene 1387 0.29 0.27 ND ND ND A, B
14 Bicycloesequiphellandrene - ND 1.60 ND 3.84 ND A, B
15 (E)-Caryophyllene 1417 2.89
c
± 0.16 3.52
d
± 0.04 1.91
b
± 0.03 5.34
e
± 1.66 1.44
a
± 0.22 A, B
16 β-Copaene 1430 0.13 0.33 0.16 0.39 0.13 A, B
17 γ-Cadiene 1513 0.22 0.32 0.17 0.34 0.09 A, B
18 Germacrene D 1487 8.45
a
± 0.05 24.20
d
± 0.52 12.28
c
± 0.08 41.41
e
± 0.08 9.11
b
± 0.15 A, B
19 δ-Cadinene 1522 1.05 1.04 0.81 1.41 0.39 A, B
20 Caryophyllene oxide 1587 0.66
b
± 0.02 0.26
a
± 0.08 4.43
d
± 1.79 1.61
c
± 0.02 0.10
a
± 0.00 A, B
21 Salviol4
(14)-ene-1-one
1596 0.17
0.25 0.39 0.21 0.05 A,
B
22
Humulene
epoxide
1612
0.16
0.41
0.36
0.23
ND
A,
B
23
Valencene < 1
3>
hydroxy
1767
1.05 0.03 0.47 0.37 0.01 A,
B
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Table 3.2 (continued)
S. No. Compound name
RI Control
Cu
270
(mg kg
-1
)
Cu
500
(mg kg
-
1
)
Cu
700
(mg kg
-1
)
Cu
900
(mg kg
-1
)
Mode of
identification
(Adams
)2007
(% of oil
± SD)
(% of oil
± SD)
(% of oil
± SD)
(% of oil
± SD)
(% of oil
± SD)
24 Caryophyllane 4, 12, 8, 13
diene-5α ol
1640 0.55 ND 0.19 0.18 ND A, B
25 Aromadrene (epoxide
<allo>)
1639 0.64 ND 0.15 0.25 ND A, B
26 Muskatone 1676 ND 0.13 ND 0.11 0.02 A, B
Total compounds
identified
20 23 19 23 19
Total identified (%) 85.61 96.20 87.21 92.24 95.93
A = Retention index (RI) relative to homologous series of (C
8
-C
33
) on Rtx-5 non polar fused silica capillary column; B = Gas chromatography–mass
spectrometry (GC-MS); ND = Not detected (<0.01%); SD = Standard deviation; RT = Retention time
34 M. Bisht et al.
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component followed by methyl-eugenol (13.21%), (Z )-β-ocimene (7.47%),
germacrene D (4.25%), (E)-caryophyllene (1.69%), camphor (0.95%) and
(E)-β-ocimene (0.94%) in the O. gratissimum L. from Kenya (Matasyoh et al.
2007). Similarly, a recent report from Brazil revealed the presence of eugenol as a
major component in O. gratissimum oil (Melo et al. 2019). After copper addition at a
level of Cu
270
,Cu
500
,Cu
700
and Cu
900
mg kg
-1
, there were some changes in the
volatile composition of the essential oil (Figs. 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, and 3.5;
Table
3.1).
Eugenol (64.62–68.30%) and germacrene D (8.45–41.41%) contents were found to
be increased in the plants grown at Cu
900
mg kg
-1
and Cu
700
mg kg
-1
amendments,
respectively, when compared with the control. Rai et al. reported that in
3 Response of Secondary Metabolites of Ocimum gratissimum L.... 35
Fig. 3.1 Gas chromatogram of the oil of the plant grown in control soil
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O. tenuiflorum, eugenol content was found to be higher up to 3.83–24.61% when
grown under different chromium toxicity condition than control (Rai et al. 2004).
One compo
und, namely, (Z )-β-ocimene, which was present in trace amount in the
control plant, was found to be increased after Cu
270
mg kg
-1
, amendment and
significantly decreased for Cu
500
,Cu
700
and Cu
900
mg kg
-1
amendments. (E)-
caryophyllene significantly increased at Cu
270
mg kg
-1
and was higher for
Cu
700
mg kg
-1
, and the quantitative variation was lower for Cu
900
mg kg
-1
amendment. Siddiqui et al. reported that essential oil yield and major oil constituents
in Ocimum spp., such as eugenol, methyl chavicol and linalool, increased at lower
arsenic concent
ration (Siddiqui et al. 2013). Percentage of α
-copaene (2.71–0.60%)
was observed to be decreased with increasing concentration of copper from control
to Cu
500
mg kg
-1
and in the plants cultivated with Cu
700
and Cu
900
mg kg
-1
amended soils, it was totally absent, while the percentage of caryophyllene oxide
36 M. Bisht et al.
Fig. 3.2 Gas chromatogram of the oil of the plant grown under stress level Cu
270
mg kg
-1
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