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8 Nanodeliveries of Food Polyphenols as Nutraceuticals
158
Flavonoids are typically present in plant cell vesicles as glycosides. Flavonoids have three cyclic
structures as their basic skeleton, which are C6–C3–C6. Based on their chemical assemblies, flavo-
noids are further classified as flavanones, flavanols, flavones, flavonols, isoflavones, anthocyanins,
and chalcones (Table 8.1). Flavonoids are found in most plants and are necessary for plant growth,
progress, fruiting, flowering, antioxidant, antibacterial, and disease inhibition. The vast majority of
these flavonoids from various natural sources (Table 8.2, Figure 8.1) have antioxidant, antibacte-
rial, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory physiological actions that can benefit the body.
Table 8.2 Chemical structure and pharmacological activities of food polyphenols.
Sl.
No. Flavonoids Chemical Structure Pharmacological Activities References
1 Quercetin Antioxidant, anticarcinogenic,
antidiabetic anti-inflammatory,
immunoprotective activities
[33]
2 Rutin
Anti-inflammation, antioxidation,
antiallergy, antivirus effects
[34]
3 Resveratrol
Platelet aggregator, vasoconstrictor in
cardiovascular diseases, aids in
preeclampsia
[35]
4 Baicalin
Antibacterial, cholesterol-lowering,
diuretic, anti-inflammatory, antiviral
antithrombotic, detoxificating,
hemostasis, antiallergic effects
[36]
5 Berberine
Anticancerous, antioxidant, free radicals
eliminator, antidiabetic, anti-
inflammatory effect
[37]
6 Myricetin
Anti-inflammatory, caries prevention,
antitumor, antimutagenic, antioxidant
properties
[38]
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8.2 Food Polyphenols 159
Sl.
No. Flavonoids Chemical Structure Pharmacological Activities References
7 Kaempferol Antifungal, antioxidant, anticancer,
anti-inflammatory antiviral,
antibacterial effects
[39]
8 Isoliquiritigenin
Antibacterial, antispasmodic, anti-ulcer
effects, hepatocyte monoamine oxidase
inhibitor
[40]
9 Fisetin
Anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic,
antispasmodic, antioxidant,
anticoagulant effects, diabetic kidney
injury treatment
[41]
10 Apigenin
Anticancer, antioxidant,
antihypertensive, sedative, tranquilizer,
antiviral, anti-inflammatory, drug
[42]
11 Naringenin
Anti-lipid peroxidation, antioxidant
defenses, and modulates immune
system and carbohydrate metabolism
[43]
12 Catechin
Antidiabetic, improves glucose
homeostasis and insulin sensitivity
[44]
13 Anthocyanins
Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory
activities, decreases the inflammatory
mediators cyclo-oxygenase
[45]
14 Theophylline
Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant,
immunomodulator
[46]
15 Genistein
Reduction of cardiovascular disease,
osteoporosis, and postmenopausal
symptoms
[47]
Table 8.2 (Continued)
Phenolic acids are abundant in nuts, vegetables, fruits, and drinks. Low molecular weight phe-
nolic acids are water-soluble throughout processing and human digestion; however, they become
water-insoluble when they undertake condensation reactions with quinic acid and glucose.
Phenolic acids are classified into three varieties based on their hydroxyl content like
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8 Nanodeliveries of Food Polyphenols as Nutraceuticals
160
dihydroxybenzoic acid, trihydroxybenzoic acid, and monohydroxybenzoic acid. Phosphonic acids
are commonly employed in a range of functional foods because of their antiallergic, anti-inflam-
matory, antioxidant, anticancer cardioprotective actions, and other efficient healthy activities [32].
8.2.2 Properties of Food Polyphenols
Classification can be according to the variation in the chemical structure of polyphenolic com-
pounds. The most common chemical skeleton alterations are oxidation, hydroxylation, methyla-
tion, and glycosylation. Polyphenols are separated into groups such as phenolic acids, non-flavonoids
with stilbenoids, flavonoids, tannins, lignans, and diaryl heptanoids as subclasses of the latter [48].
Non-flavonoid polyphenol subclasses, such as polyphenolic amides and anthraquinones, are less
frequent. Phenolic acids can be classified as hydroxycinnamic or hydroxybenzoic acids in both
bound and free forms found in plants, and they account for approximately one-third of dietary
polyphenols. Examples include p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, ellagic acid, protocatechuic
acid, and gallic acid. Ellagic acid is a benzoic acid derivative, and the cinnamic acid derivatives are
ferulic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, and sinapic acid [49]. There are numerous effects of each
polyphenol class, and their pharmacological benefits are described in Table 8.2.
Flavonoids make up roughly two-thirds of all phenolics found in the human diet. Flavonoids are
separated into isoflavonoids, flavonols, anthocyanidins, flavanols, flavones, and flavanones based
on their heterocyclic ring variations. The most common phenolics in plant-based foods are fla-
vonols and flavones (Table 8.1). Tannins are a non-flavonoid polyphenol subclass that contains
proanthocyanidins, which are non-hydrolysable tannins that have been condensed, and hydrolys-
able tannins as esters of ellagic acid, ellagitannins, gallotannins, and gallic acid. The lignan
Figure 8.1 Sources of food polyphenols. Credits Andreas Munich/Pixabay, tstock / Adobe Stock, อำ�นวย หัว
ค�ด/Adobe Stock, Christine Han Photography/Stocksy / Adobe Stock, Terbofast / Wikimedia Commons / CC
BY-SA 4.0 “sonatalitravel/Adobe Stock, InfinitePhoto/Adobe Stock, Picture Partners/Adobe Stock, Happy_
lark/Adobe Stock Photos, Marylooo/Adobe Stock, Maresol/Adobe Stock, Spline_x/Adobe Stock, Peangdao/
Adobe Stock, Gtranquillity/Adobe Stock, volff/Adobe Stock.
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8.3 Health Benefits of Food Polyphenols 161
non-flavonoid subclass is a result of phenylalanine and they belong to major classes of phytoestro-
gens, along with isoflavone. Lignans include enterolactone, enterodiol, enterolignans, and secoiso-
lariciresinol. Stilbenoids are phytoalexins that are hydroxylated stilbene derivatives. The most
well-known stilbenoid is resveratrol [50].
8.2.3 Advantages of Food Polyphenols
Plant polyphenols have several health-promoting characteristics. The activities, such as antibacte-
rial and antioxidant actions, and their natural accessibility and compatibility in meals capable with
unique functional aspects, enhance human health. The likely role of functional foods comprising
polyphenolic chemicals in the prevention of several chronic illnesses, such as hypertension, diabe-
tes, and cancer, is extremely important [51].
8.3 Health Benefits of Food Polyphenols
8.3.1 Antioxidant Effect
Plant polyphenolic chemicals possesses high antioxidant action owing to their unique structural
properties. Polyphenolic chemicals, which play a significant role in human health, are abundant
in fruits, cereals, and vegetables. Polyphenols, as antioxidants, can protect DNA from oxidative
damage and thereby prevent a variety of diseases [52]. Curcumin has high antioxidant capacity
and they reduce malondialdehyde levels. Glutathione, catechins, and ascorbic acid antioxidant
capabilities are related [53]. Catechins are most effective in foraging 2,2-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothi-
azoline-6-sulfonic acid) radicals with maximum reduction equivalents for trivalent iron ions, and
are active in preventing dihydrorhodamine oxidation [54]. Polyphenolic substances, such as cate-
chins, have excellent antioxidant capabilities, making them suitable candidates for antioxidant
prophylaxis and therapy [53].
8.3.2 Pro-oxidant Effect
Polyphenolic substances have potent antioxidant properties. However, in large amounts, many
polyphenolic chemicals precipitate DNA mutilation causing apoptosis. Resveratrol’s pro-oxidant
qualities hasten ageing progression, and its pro-oxidant action reduced the sequential life of brew-
er’s yeast [55]. Gallic acid limiting lipid oxidation and protein carbonyl production promotes oxi-
dative loss of thiol and amine groups, altering protein structural characteristics and biological
function [56]. High doses of soy bean added to meat pig feed cause oxidative alterations in pork
liver, fat, and plasma. The addition for 64 days enhanced total antioxidant and superoxide dis-
mutase activity, indicating considerable pro-oxidant activity [57]. As a result, the dose of polyphe-
nolic chemicals in various claims is not the same.
8.3.3 Anti-inflammatory Effect
Plant polyphenols suppress and kill many inflammatory cells, also by regulating cytokines and
their receptors and modifying their exudation mechanisms. Rutin hydrogels have anti-
inflammatory activity like conventional medicines [58]. RAW264.7 cells and a CCl4-made acute
liver injury were used to investigate hesperidin’s anti-inflammatory efficacy in a liver injury model,
and showed that hesperidin effectively lowered interleukin (IL-6), nitric oxide (NO), and tumor
necrosis factor (TNF-α) in vivo and in vitro, demonstrating good anti-inflammatory efficacy [59].
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8 Nanodeliveries of Food Polyphenols as Nutraceuticals
162
8.3.4 Antimicrobial Effect
Polyphenols possess antibacterial properties against numerous microbes. Flavonoids specifically
have better antibacterial action than any other polyphenols [60]. According to several studies,
polyphenolic substances synergize with antibiotics and have great antibacterial activities.
Curcumin coated with chitosan film demonstrated better antibacterial efficacy against Rhizopus
solani and Staphylococcus aureus [53]. Additionally, the antibacterial effects of silymarin, tea poly-
phenols, and rutin are extensively used [61].
8.3.5 Anticancer Effect
Polyphenols have been shown to protect against certain types of cancer. They can prevent tumor
formation as well as have harmful effects on cells, producing apoptosis. Resveratrol, with its
repressive action on cell development, apoptotic effect, and antioxidant effects, has the potential
to alter the course of cancer and other related illnesses. Quercetin is widely used in the inhibition
and treatment of esophageal cancer [62]. Several more research studies have validated the antitu-
mor effects of polyphenolic substances. Silymarin causes apoptosis in liver cancer cells showing
better prophylaxis and treatment against liver disorders. Additionally, epigallocatechin gallate
(EGCG) and curcumin have better efficacy as anticancerous agents in the treatment of breast
cancer [63].
8.3.6 Antidiabetic Effect
A polyphenol-rich diet can reduce the hazard of diabetes. Polyphenols can alter the insulin path-
way and increase insulin sensitivity in the peripheral tissues [64]. Several polyphenolic sub-
stances block alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase that regulate glucose absorption in the
intestine and maintain the blood sugar equilibrium. The nanoforms of polyphenols, such as cat-
echins, have strong antioxidant and antidiabetic properties [53]. The quercetin nanoform has
therapeutic promise as an antidiabetic bioactive substance [65]. Bioactive compounds possess
their own relevance like resveratrol, naturally found in plant-based foods including peanuts,
cranberries, jackfruit, grapes, and mulberries with anti-carcinogenic, hepatoprotection, neuro-
protection, antiaging, anti-inflammatory, antiobesity, and antidiabetic effects. Resveratrol’s sen-
sitivity to light, heat, and enzymes limits its ability to provide health advantages during
consumption. Despite its excellent bioactivity, resveratrol’s use as a bioactive agent in the food
and pharmaceutical industries is limited for these reasons. The use of resveratrol in its encapsu-
lated form may be able to alleviate these issues helping to increase the bioactivities of resveratrol
after fortification in nanoforms [66].
8.3.7 Antihypertensive Effect
Certain polyphenols like cocoa, catechins, and proanthocyanidins have high flavanol concentra-
tions, which can recover endothelial function, lower the oxidative sensitivity of low-density lipo-
proteins, and boost vasodilation. Anthocyanins, tannins, phenolic acids, flavonoids, flavanols, and
other polyphenolic substances like resveratrol can improve vasodilation and regulate blood pres-
sure [67]. The vasodilatory properties of amlodipine, curcumin, and their combination were stud-
ied on isolated rat aortic rings, and it was found that hypertensive patients taking amlodipine
could take curcumin or turmeric for food or as medicine without impairing the antihypertensive
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8.4 Common Nanodelivery Systems for Food Polyphenols/ Nanoencapsulation of Nutraceuticals 163
effects of amlodipine. This lays a solid foundation for the use of polyphenols, such as curcumin, as
food supplements for hypertension prophylaxis and therapy [68]. Several studies have found that
green tea polyphenols like epicatechin and catechin have antihypertensive, antiproliferative,
antithrombogenic, anti-inflammatory, and lipid-lowering actions that can be important in devel-
oping food through nanotechnology [69].
8.3.8 Antiobesity effect
Polyphenolic compounds can influence obesity by suppressing adipocyte growth, increasing adi-
pocyte death, boosting lipolysis, and fat oxidation. Green tea is a drink with numerous health
advantages because it is rich in polyphenolic substances like catechins and gallocatechin gallate
and they have a substantial role in obesity management [70]. Soy beans can help people lose weight
by reducing the activities of pancreatic protein lipase that inhibits adipocyte development and by
triggering hormone-sensitive lipase, which stimulates lipolysis [71]. Quercetin supplementation
has a strong inhibitory effect on adipose tissue accumulation in obese rats, suggesting that it may
have antiobesity properties [72].
8.4 Common Nanodelivery Systems for Food Polyphenols/
Nanoencapsulation of Nutraceuticals
8.4.1 Lipid-based Nanostructures
Lipid-based assemblies, such as nanoemulsions, liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), and
self-emulsifying systems, can aid in encapsulation and the target delivery of sensitive bioactives
nutraceuticals. They can be used as bioreactors to address the issue of aroma and flavor compo-
nents. They are useful because most of the bioactive compounds can be incorporated in them.
Similarly, numerous polyphenolic compounds are targeted to specific areas by active or passive
methods [73].
8.4.2 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles
Aqueous surfactant solutions or colloidal dispersions of lipids in water are SLNs. They have
numerous advantages, including shielding of the integrated molecule from the exterior atmos-
phere, improved firmness of the encapsulated component, increased ability for transporting both
lipophilic and hydrophilic medicines, controlled release, and simplicity of upscaling. These lipidic
arrangements can aid in the enhancement of organoleptic and functional qualities. Additionally,
generally regarded as safe (GRAS) chemicals are included in these systems [74]. During storage,
disadvantages, such as augmented particle size, aggregation, relatively more water content, and
flocculation, may occur [53].
8.4.3 Nanoliposomes
Liposomes are hydrophilic lipid bilayer membrane structures with hydrophobic fatty acid tails
that can transport both hydrophobic and hydrophilic bioactives, the former in the aqueous core
and the latter in the lipid bilayers. Nanoliposomes are liposomes that are nanoscale. Nanoliposomes
could be administered parenterally, orally, topically, or nasally. Its downside is that they are
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8 Nanodeliveries of Food Polyphenols as Nutraceuticals
164
recognized as foreign particles by the circulatory system and thus eliminated quickly by the reticu-
loendothelial system. Additionally, they can be destroyed by electrostatic, van der Waals, and
hydrophobic forces, which can fragment nanoliposomes. As a result, some sort of stability mecha-
nism is necessary such as steric stabilization using inert polymers [75].
8.4.4 Nanoemulsions
Emulsions are biphasic systems made up of an inner phase, or dispersed phase, and an outer
phase, or continuous phase. Surfactant molecules make up the interphase. Nanoemulsions are
incredibly small emulsions that seem transparent or translucent, with a size range of 50–200 nm,
significantly smaller than that of ordinary emulsions. A surfactant molecule is typically 2-nm long;
hence, a micelle is typically 5 nm or larger in diameter. However, incorporating an oil phase into a
micellar core can result in a significant size increase [76]. It is generally recognized that the most
bioactive phytochemicals are either insoluble or lipophilic in nature; hence, nanoemulsions are a
possibility for incorporating lesser soluble nutraceuticals into a food matrix. The poor solubility of
these active components in water or oil has a significant impact on their systemic bioavailability
because their properties, such as lipophilicity, solubility, and partition coefficient, determine their
transport, administration route, and target locations. The incorporation of such bioactives into
nanoemulsions can be helpful because the small particle size of nanoemulsions increases their
surface area, improving digestion rates, faster diffusion across mucus membranes, and amplified
epithelial cell permeability [77]. Furthermore, nanoemulsions may shield chemically labile bioac-
tives against oxidation, resulting in an augmented shelf life and condensed GI breakdown. There
have been numerous reports on the trapping of bioactives in nanoemulsions, with new trends
indicating the usage of food-grade nanoemulsions. Carrier oil, which controls the bioavailability of
encapsulated components, is a crucial component in the creation of food-grade nanoemulsions.
The carrier oil can form mixed micelles with more capacity for active constituent solubilization,
and they are entirely consumable [78].
8.4.5 Polysaccharide-based Nanoparticles
Most natural polysaccharides are inexpensive raw materials suitable for nanoencapsulation of
various bioactives or nutraceuticals. Several technologies have been used to create nanoparticles of
various shapes and sizes. The method selection and polysaccharides depend on economy, safety,
and environmental issues. Depending on the physical and chemical qualities of the nutraceuticals
and polysaccharides, different techniques for nanoencapsulation of bioactives can be applied.
Polysaccharides can enclose both hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances [4].
Because of their structural plasticity and site-specific digesting capabilities, they are ideal carri-
ers for the targeted and regulated administration of nutraceuticals throughout the human GI tract.
Because of their stable structure, reactive site availability for chemical modification, low cost, bio-
compatibility, non-toxicity, and hydrophilic nature, they are the preferred material. Commonly
used polysaccharides are starch, pectin, guar gum, chitosan, chondroitin sulphate, and alginate.
They are advantageous because they can be used for the delivery of synergistic combinations; how-
ever, when considering food applications, the high molecular weight of polysaccharides some-
times limits their application, for example, for delivery in clear drinks, because transparent systems
based on biopolymeric nanoparticles are difficult to prepare [79]. Despite numerous studies on
encapsulating a wide range of nutraceuticals and functional meals, their bioactive mechanisms
and biological efficacies in vitro or in vivo remain unclear.
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8.5 Polyphenol-loaded Nanoparticles for the Enhancement of Functional Properties of Food 165
8.5 Polyphenol-loaded Nanoparticles for the Enhancement of
Functional Properties of Food
8.5.1 Nanopolyphenols Acting as Antidiabetic Agents
Various polyphenols are used in the manufacture of nanopolyphenols with nanocarriers to be used
in diabetic animals.
Nano-nutraceuticals can provide antihyperglycemic effects, hypoglycemic, and antidiabetic
actions, and address oxidative stress linked with diabetes, as well as prevent diabetic neuropathic
pain. They are also effective in diabetic wound healing, affecting other diabetes complications
such as diabetes-persuaded learning and memory damage, diabetic cardiomyopathy, diabetic
nephropathy, diabetic cataract or retinopathy, and inflammation [80].
Nanocarrier nanoparticles are principally employed, and SLNs, nanoemulsions, nanomicelles,
nanospheres, and nanorods are used to a lesser extent. Nanospheres prepared with anti-solvent
precipitation and nanorods created in a magnetic field have the smallest reported particle size of
approximately 16 nm [81].
The nanoparticles are created using both natural and synthetic polymers, as well as polymeric
colloidal stabilizers. Additionally, inorganic species, such as selenium and iron oxide, are used for
synergistic actions. The amount of nanomaterial given orally is 1–300
mg/kg/day. In addition,
nanopolyphenols were given intravenously as well as topically. The encapsulation efficacy and
drug loading measurements of the synthesized nanoparticles ranged from 56% to 97.7% and 4.2%
to 53.2%, respectively. A decrease in particle size resulted in a proportional decrease in drug load-
ing capacity. The duration for medicines administered orally were 2–70 days [82].
8.5.2 Nanopolyphenols as Antiobesity Agents
Because of their postulated properties of target specificity and higher efficiency, nanoencapsula-
tion of plant secondary metabolites improves the antiobesity effectiveness of these natural sub-
stances. These nanoencapsulated secondary metabolites fight obesity by blocking carbohydrate
and lipid metabolizing enzymes, suppressing adipogenesis as well as hunger, and improving
energy metabolism. Plants and their secondary metabolites, as well as their nanoencapsulation
show antiobesity benefits, with potential modes of action for improved human health [83].
When compared with grape seed powder, the nanoparticles with red grape seed, particularly cel-
lulose nanocrystals, showed a significant positive effect on hyperlipidemia and obesity. The chemi-
cal ingredients of the crude leaf extract of Vitis vinifera repressed pancreatic lipase, disturbing lipid
metabolism and thus obesity [84]. In rat models, quercetin nanoencapsulation with a succinyl chi-
tosan alginate shell and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) indicated modulation of the blood lipid
profile and glucose level after induction of these nanoencapsulated assemblies [85, 86].
8.5.3 Nanopolyphenols as Anti-atherosclerotic agents
Plant polyphenolic chemicals defend the cardiovascular system by boosting high-density lipopro-
tein, lowering low-density lipoprotein, and inhibiting low-density lipoprotein oxidation.
Nutraceuticals, such as ellagic acid and resveratrol, reduce the risk of atherosclerosis by increasing
endothelial barrier function [87]. EGCG has anti-atherosclerotic properties, and its mechanism of
action has been established [88]. The betulinic acid-loaded PVA/Lig-g-MA nanoformulation is an
excellent nanopolymer that has no harmful effect on normal endothelial cells. Additionally, it
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8 Nanodeliveries of Food Polyphenols as Nutraceuticals
166
reduced lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation by down regulation of the expression of NFB
and MAP/JNK signaling molecules. In vivo studies indicated that the synthesized nanoformula-
tion successfully reduced hyperchlostremia, inflammation, and vasoconstriction that were caused
by the overdose of a fat diet. Histopathological examination of cardiac tissues validated the cardio-
protective impact of the nanoformulation [89].
8.5.4 Nanopolyphenols as Cancer Prevention Agents
Several nanoformulations, such as nanosuspensions, polymeric nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles,
liposomes, and SLNs, have been developed for the delivery of polyphenolic compounds, resulting
in improved antineoplastic action, better intracellular concentrations of polyphenols, sustained
and slow drug release, and improved proapoptotic activity against tumor cells [90]. The coumarin
4-methyl-7-hydroxycoumarin was synthesized by methylating umbelliferone (7-hydroxycou-
marin). In melanoma A375 cell cultures, PLGA nanoparticles containing 4-methyl-7-hydroxy cou-
marin displayed anti-neoplastic properties by boosting cell death, p53 and caspase-3 (tumor
suppressor factors), DNA fragmentation, and reducing cell viability [91].
Dextran micelles containing curcumin have been shown to be a pH-sensitive drug delivery
mechanism in C6 glioma cells, displaying higher cellular absorption and decreased cell prolifera-
tion [92]. Baicalein nanoparticles, combined with dual-targeted folate and hyaluronic acid ligands,
had an anticancer effect on human lung cancer A549 and paclitaxel-resistant lung cancer A549/
PTX cells in a xenograft mouse model of A549/PTX by decreasing cell viability and inhibiting
tumor growth [93].
8.5.5 Nanopolyphenols as COVID-19 Inhibitors
The nanoformulations of polyphenols (particularly curcumin) can ease clinical manifestations
(cough, fever, myalgia, tachypnea, etc.) and aid in recovery because polyphenols can modulate
oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and upregulate some proteins tangled in the renin-angio-
tensin system, which in combination can reduce symptoms caused by COVID-19 [94]. A treatment
with nanocurcumin showed a significant reduction in IL-6 and IL-1 expression and secretion in
the serum and supernatant. Because nanocurcumin can reduce the elevated inflammatory
cytokines (IL-1 and IL-6), mRNA expression, and cytokine production in COVID-19 patients, it
can control clinical manifestations and enhance overall recovery [95].
8.6 Use of Polyphenol-loaded Nanoparticles
As implanting agents and defensive barriers for plant polyphenolic compounds, various bio-based
nanocarriers, such as nanoemulsions, nanoparticles, nanogels, nanomicelles, and liposomes, can
be employed. Numerous nanocarriers have been proven to successfully carry polyphenolic chemi-
cals and improve their bioavailability such as zein, albumin, starch, cellulose, soy protein, and
lipids [96]. The chemical and physical character of the carrier are affected differently by different
packaging materials. Chitosan and protein are more commonly used as carrier preparation materi-
als, and significant research has shown that they improve intestine absorption and plant polyphe-
nol bioavailability [97].
Polyphenol encapsulation mechanisms using nanocarriers include eutectic, ionic gel, condensa-
tion, freeze drying, emulsification, encapsulation, and yeast encapsulation. These encapsulation
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8.6 Use of Polyphenol-loaded Nanoparticles 167
processes increase targeting, polyphenol dispersion, GI stability, and long-term release. Curcumin
and zein exhibit hydrophobicity, hydrogen bonding, and electrostatic interaction, the key factors
behind nanoencapsulation [98].
Proteins are often employed for polyphenolic chemical encapsulation and distribution because
of their numerous advantageous qualities such as increased nutritional value, lesser toxicity, bio-
degradability, and biocompatibility (Figure 8.2). They are developed into various forms (hydrogel
fibers, thin films, nanoparticles, etc.) and can also be adapted or compounded for surface function-
ing, resulting in augmented polyphenolic component bioavailability [99].
Studies of quercetin using nanoparticles made of silk proteins, its encapsulation, adsorption, and
release, revealed that the encapsulated quercetin had better free radical scavenging activity and
achieved a gradual release effect in virtual intestinal fluids [100]. Similarly, whey protein nanopar-
ticles are an effective carrier system for the encapsulation, transport, and gradual GI release of
nutraceuticals like curcumin. Quercetin has good stability at pH 7, providing the basis for their use
in functional drinks. Supplementary proteins, such as bovine serum albumin and zein, are fre-
quently used to produce nanocarriers to encapsulate nutraceuticals and increase their bioavailabil-
ity [101].
Polysaccharides are used as raw ingredients to create bio-based nanoparticles with technical
approaches that enable the alteration of polysaccharide-based nanomaterials suited for the
encapsulation and delivery of bioactive molecules in a variety of fields, particularly for poly-
phenolic compound shielding [102]. In addition, fluorescence spectroscopy and Fourier infra-
red transform were used to confirm the successful loading of curcumin into cassava starch
nanoparticles. Chitosan is a polysaccharide with high inter-solubility and biodegradability.
This natural compound is extensively researched for its potential use in polyphenolic chemical
delivery. Chitosan nanoparticles can produce gradual release, regulated release, and enhanced
bioavailability of polyphenolic substances such as tea polyphenols [53]. Similar to proteins and
polysaccharides, lipids are another type of bio-based nanocarrier often employed to condense
Figure 8.2 Nanodelivery of food polyphenols enhance the properties of food.
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