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leaves grow to at most 5 cm and have total or sub-serrate or dentate margins.
Tulsi blossoms are tiny and crimson to scarlet. On cylindrical spikes, they
develop in small compact clusters.
16
Stalk-less heart-shaped bracts are there
at the base of each flowe r cluster. The sepal cup’s inside is hairless. The
flowers do not often grow more than 5 mm in length, with a bearded calyx
tube on the outside and a bearded calyx tube close to the base. The fruits are
small, and the seeds are yellow to reddish.
17
The scientific classification of
O. sanctum is as follows
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyte
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Lamiales
Genus: Ocimum
Species: sanctum
6.5 Chemical Constituents
The sparkling leaves and stem extract of O. sanctum consist of a range of
phenolic compounds (antioxidants), which include cirsilineol, circimaritin,
isothymusin, apigenin, and rosameric acid, as well as high quantities of
eugenol.
18
The leaves of O. sanctum contain 0.7 percent unstable oil, which is
composed of about 71% eugenol and 20% methyl eugenol. Carvacrol and the
sesquiterpine hydrocarbon caryophyllene are additionally common in the
oil. Two flavonoids, orientin and vicenin, have been extracted from an
aqueous leaf extract of O. sanctum.
19
Due to the complexity of O. sanctum’s
chemical composition, uniformity has evaded current science for that
reason so far. O. sanctum is claimed to include a large range of bioactive
compounds, the concentrations of which range considerably between its
several species. Numerous investigations have proved the presence of the
essential oil, eugenol, in the leaves of O. sanctum.
20
The predominant
chemical elements of O. sanctum leaves are eugenol, eugenol methyl ether,
caryophyllene, oleanolic acid, caffeic acid, ursolic acid (triterpenoid),
apigenin, luteolin, rosmarinic acid (phenylpropanoid), and chlorophyll.
Cirsilineol, cirsimartin, isothymusin, isothymosin, apigenin, rosmarinic
acid, and eugenol have all been removed from O. sanctum leaves. Addition-
ally, zinc, manganese, and sodium are currently found in small quantities in
the leaves. The seeds are claimed to comprise essential oils composed of the
following fatty acids: palmitic (11.69%), stearic (3.19%), oleic (13.82%),
linoleic (52.23%), and linolenic (52.23%).
21
Vitamins A and C are present, as
are minerals such as calcium, iron, and zinc. The plant is believed to com-
prise alkaloids, glycosides, saponin, tannins, and traces of maleic acid, citric
acid, and tartaric acid. Several of these element concentrations are appre-
ciably influenced by means of unknown modifications in growing,
harvesting, processing, and storage conditions.
22
Figure 6.4 represents the
structure of the exclusive chemical materials of O. sanctum.
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Figure 6.4 Structure of different chemical constituents present in O. sanctum.
Scientific Evaluation of the Role of Ocimum sanctum in Ayurvedic 113
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6.6 Different Ancient Ayurvedic Formulations
Containing Tulsi
Tulsi extracts have been utilized in common Indian Ayurvedic remedies for
centuries. They have additionally been used in the Unani scientific system.
Tulsi is used in Ayurvedic medicinal drugs to treat frequent cold headaches,
belly issues, infections, coronary heart disease , poisoning, cataracts, and
malaria.
23
Tulsi acts as a good source rejuvenator and helps to reduce stress
and improve memory. It is also supports the heart. It serves as an appetizer
and aids in digestion and also promotes digestive enzyme secretion and
prevents flatulence.
24
Due to its cleaning capabilities, Tulsi cleanses the
blood of any pollution that may additionally be present. Tulsi has add-
itionally been shown to be beneficial at decreasing blood sugar levels and
controlling diabetes in studies.
25
Additionally, it has been shown to be
beneficial in reducing cholesterol levels. Some Ayurvedic formulations and
their compositions and therapeutic uses are outlined below.
Vivaldi gulika is an Ayurvedic polyherbal treatment used in the treatment
of snake, scorpion, spider, and rodent bites, as well as in the treatmen t of
gastroenteritis, cholera, indigestion, and fever.
26
Poisonous consequences
occur in the human physique as a result of an underlying reason or animal-
based poisonous chemical. The treatment consists of Bilva, Tulsi, Karanja,
Tagara, Devdaru, Haritaki, Bibhitaki, Amla, and some different ingredients.
It includes 43 mg of Tulsi in 700 mg of the completed product and the dose
per day is 700–1400 mg.
Manasamitra vataka is a mighty Ayurvedic method that incorporates
elements that are regarded to assist in the therapy of psychiatric problems,
intellectual fatigue, and depression. The very identify of Manasamitra in the
time period ‘‘Manasamitra Vatakam’’ is interpreted to be a ‘buddy of the
mind’. It is an Ayurvedic medication and has long been used as a typical
medicinal drug in India to assist with the treatment of low immunity, psy-
chosomatic diseases, nervousness neurosis, and stress.
27
Manasamitra Va-
takam is organized as per common texts that use a very massive quantity of
elements such as Bala, Nagabala, Bilva, Tulsi, Prishniparni, Pravalapishti,
Shankhapushpi, Tamrachuda Padika, Swarna Bhasma, Pushkaramoola
Mrigashringa Bhasma, and Vacha Stanya Chandana etc. It contains 0.74 mg
of Tulsi in a 165 mg of the completed product and the dose per day is a
165–660 mg for adults.
Nasta puspantaka rasa is an Ayurvedic herbomineral complement for in-
creased reproductive health. It is used to treat infertility in men and women.
It aids in the stimulation of ovulation in females who are no longer
ovulating. It can also be a useful resource to treat menstruation pain,
rheumatoid arthritis, and eye problems. It consists of Parada, Gandhaka,
Loha bhasma, Vanga bhasma, Tankana, Raupya bhasma, Abhraka bhasma,
Tamra bhasma, Guduci, Triphala, Tulsi, and other ingredients.
28
It contains
2.4 mg of Tulsi in 125 mg of the completed product and the dose per day is
250–500 mg.
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Tribhuvana kirti ras is an Ayurvedic classical herbo-mineral preparation. It
has analgesic and antipyretic properties. It is advantageous in relieving fever
of exceptional origins.
29
With Trikatu being among the fundamental
ingredients, it is additionally suitable as a digestive medicine. It is also
recommended in treating liver and spleen disorders. The key substances of
this method consist of Shuddha Hingula, Tankana bhasma, Vatsanabha,
Shunthi, Pippali, Maricha, and Tulsi. It contains 3.90 mg of Tulsi in 125 mg
of the completed product and the dose per day is 125–250 mg.
30
6.7 Different Modern Formulations Available
Containing Tulsi
Amylcure DS capsule incorporates poly-herbal substances that can defend
the liver from a variety of ailments and disorders. Amlycure DS is a com-
bination of amazing herbs such as Kalmegh, Kutaki, Nagarmotha, Rak-
trohida, Sharpunkha, Brinjasif, Parpatr, Nishoth, Punernava, Kalmegh,
Giloe, Tulsi, Sharpunkha, Kutaki, and so forth that have a synergistic impact
in correcting liver-associated issues. The selected herbs have been scien-
tifically validated by various in vivo and in vitro experiments. They are found
to restore liver enzymes and have multiple pharmacological effect such as
displaying anti-viral, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory,
choleretic, and anti-cholestatic activities.
31
It hastens broken bone repair,
protects liver cells from injury due to toxins, and aids in ideal digestion.
Each pill incorporates 32 elements out of which Tulsi makes up 20 mg and
the dose per day is 1–2 drugs twice or thrice a day.
Decofcyn cough syrup is an Ayurvedic proprietary medicine.
32
It is a cough
syrup which can be used with no adverse effects. It enables handy and clean
expectoration of phlegm and relieves chest congestion quickly. The elements
of the syrup consist of Tulsi, Taleesa patra, Adusha, Ashwagandha, Shata-
vari, Karchura, Lavanga, Ardraka, Ela, Karpura, etc. In each 5 ml of syrup
there are sixteen elements and Tulsi makes up 200 mg and the dose per day
is 1–2 tablespoons thrice a day.
33
Feverex syrup is a natural treatment for pyrexia, a condition of increased
body temperature. Feverex syrup causes dilation of blood vessels by in-
creasing the blood flow in the superficial vein and in this way it reduces the
body temperature through sweating and evaporation. It is a non-toxic and
safe herbal remedy. The Tulsi existing in feverex syrup reduces the febrile
response due to its anti-pyretic activity.
34
Feverex includes Tulsi which in-
creases sweating due to its Swedjanan (sweat stimulant) properties and it
helps to relieve the fever. Each 5 ml of syrup contains extracts of Tulsi,
Guduchi, Cincha, Parpita, Sphatika, Saptaparna, Vatsanabha, Rasona, Tan-
kana, etc., incorporating thirteen substances including 100 mg of Tulsi and
the dose per day is 2 tablespoons thrice a day.
Cough syrup is an Ayurvedic proprietary medication manufactured
through Badariya pharmaceuticals. It is an anti-cough formula. B cough
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syrup is used in the remedy of coughing with mucus. It loosens and thins the
mucus in the nose, windpipe, and lungs. This makes it easier for you to
cough it out. It additionally relaxes and widens the muscle tissue in the
airways, making it less difficult for you to breathe. B. Cough syrup is or-
ganized from Vas a, Tulsi, Vanfasa, Gogihara, Khatmi, Pippali, Jufra, Kan-
takari, etc. It consists of 9 complete substances including 10 g of Tulsi and
the dose per day is two tablespoons thrice a day.
35
Koflet syrup is a herbal syrup that has been tested to be really useful for
very prolific and dry coughs. It acts as an antitussive and alleviates bronchial
inflammation. It possesses anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, antibacterial,
and immune-suppressive outcomes that furnish relief from coughs pre-
cipitated via a range of etiologies. Additionally, the anti-allergic, anti-
bacterial, and immunomodulatory characteristics alleviate coughing. Koflet
syrup’s demulcent influence relaxes respiratory airways. Tulsi is a fine
antihistamine that quickly protects from pollen-induced bronchospasms.
Koflet cough syrup consists of factors like Madhu, Guggulu, Draksha,
Vishnu, Jafa, Vaska, Guduchi, Yashtimadhu, Gojha, Triphala, Trikatu, Taja,
Tulsi, Neelapushpa etc. It consists of 21 factors out of which Tulsi makes up
25 mg and the dose per day is 1–2 tablespoons 3–4 times a day.
36
Respicare tablet is formulated to overcome respiratory allergies. It ensures
speedy alleviation and prevents reoccurrence of respiratory probl ems. This
medicinal drug is used to manipulate and forestall signs induced by allergies
(chronic inflammatory disorder of the lungs characterized by narrowing of
the airways). It is used before exercising to prevent respiratory troubles
throughout the exercise. It is also used to relieve signs and symptoms of hay
fever (a reaction in the nostril in response to allergens in the air) and allergic
rhinitis (such as sneezing, stuffy/runny/itchy nose). It consists of herbs like
Pushkarmool, Pippali, Karkat shingri, Maricha, Tulsi, Mulethi, Shunthi, Gul
banafsa, Talispatra, etc. There are 12 substances in the complete range of
substances currently in this system and Tulsi makes up 25 mg and the dose
per day is 1–2 drugs twice a day taken with luke-warm water.
37
M-Cof syrup is a proprietary Ayurvedic drug made with the aid of Mukhti
prescribed drugs that is used to treat dry coughs. It alleviates hypersensitive
reaction signs such as sneezing, runny nose, watery eyes, and infection
of the throat. Additionally, it alleviates nasal congestion or stuffiness. It is
effective against dry, hacking coughs. Additionally, it alleviates allergic
reaction signs and symptoms such as watery eyes, sneezing, runny nose, or
throat irritation, permitting you to go about your normal activities with greater
comfort. M-Cof syrup consists of components like Soalnum aculea tissimum,
Pippali, Yashtimadhu, Vasa, Tulsi, Shallaki, Ela, Twak, Patra, Shunti, Jiraka,
Kaempferia galangal, Kapoora, and sugar. It consists of 15 substances and
Tulsi makes up 6 g and the dose per day is 1 tablespoon thrice a day.
38
Kurex light syrup is an Ayurvedic proprietary medicine manufactured by
Megha Healthcare Pvt Ltd. It is used for the treatment of respiratory dis-
orders. Kurex light syrup is great for patients suffering from colds, coughs,
and bronchitis, with effective expectorant and antitussive action. It provides
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relief from coughing and liquefies sputum.
39
It has a bronchodilator effect
and provides relief in pulmonary congestion. The key ingredients of Kurex
light syrup are Vasaka, Tulsi, Yashtimadhu, Pippali, Kantakari, Bharangi,
Pippali, Haridra, Navsar, and Sunthi. It consists of 9 ingredients and Tulsi
makes up 100 mg and the dose per day is 2 tablespoons thrice a day.
40
Tussnil syrup is an Ayurvedic herbal mixture that is very natural and safe.
This herbal mixture is anti-inflammatory, demulcent, expectorant, mucoly-
tic, bronchodilator, and antispasmodic in action, imparting a speedy and
lasting remedy from coughs and respiratory symptoms. The proprietary
composition has been clinically proven to provide immediate alleviation
from acute coughs, throat irritations, and hypersensitive response symp-
toms.
41
It promotes convenient expectoration by lowering respiratory tract
irritation. Without alcohol or narcotics, it produces no drowsiness or drug
dependence. The key factors are Vasa, Kasamarda, Bharngi, Sunthi, Yasth-
timadhu, Kapooravalli, Tulsi, Ela, Tvak, Patra, and Lavanga. It consists of
eight complete factors out of which Tulsi makes up 20 mg and the dose per
day is two tablespoons twice a day.
Pneumonorm syrup is an Ayurvedic pro prietary medicinal drug manu-
factured via Dr Pralep’s Pharmaceuticals. It is used for the cure of respiratory
issues in pediatrics. Pneumonorm syrup is an Ayurvedic formulation. It acts
as a bronchodilator.
42
It incorporates Pushkar Mool, Vasa, Yashtimadhu,
Shrish, Laghu kantakari, Pippali mool, Shunthi, Tulsi, Pudina satva, Go-
jivha, Banafsha, Talisa patra, Brihati, Bharangi, and Shatikand. It consists of
15 complete elements out of which Tulsi makes up 1 mg and the dose per
day is half a tablespoon thrice a day.
Bresol tablet is an Ayurvedic proprietary medication that alleviates all
respiratory disorders. Using haridra, vasa, triphala, trikatu, and tulsi, Bresol
is an easy-to-breathe cure for allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma. Tulsi
affords good antihistaminic results that guard the body from pollen-induced
bronchospasms.
43
Holy Basil reduces the amount of nitric oxide, resulting in
antioxidant properties. This is very effective in the cure of allergic respiratory
diseases. The dose of Bresol per day is two drugs twice a day.
Sri Sri Tulasi Arka is distillate of Tulsi manufactured by using Sri Sri
Tattva. It has immuno-booster, antioxidant, antiseptic, and antibacterial
properties. It is an Ayurvedic medicinal drug that is used to deal with
coughs, colds, dyspnea, and hiccups. It additionally strengthens the im-
mune device and provides relief from a sore throat, bronchitis, bronchial
allergies, and malaria.
44
The key substances in this system are an aqueous
extract of organic Tulsi and potassium sorbate. The dose per day is 10–15
drops, twice a day.
Cough syp Tulasi is a proprietary Ayurvedic cough medication manu-
factured by using Pankaja Kasturi. It is made of a hundred percent herbs and
comes with much of the goodness of Tulsi. It efficaciously treats all kinds of
coughs without inflicting any sedation or other characteristic effects. It aims to
be a positive decongestant and expectorant which reduces phlegm and is a
strong immune modulator especially for children. Also, it is beneficial in
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relieving frequent blood loss and coughing. The key components of this
method are Maricham, Pippali, Viswa, Ela, Twak, Vasa, Kasamardha, Kanda-
kari, Karpoora, and Tulsi. The dose per day is 1–2 teaspoons four times a day.
45
Dabur Tulsi drops have antioxidant properties which help improve im-
munity. They are a remedy for coughing and help in relieving mucus and
have antimicrobial properties. They incorporate the extracts of 5 uncommon
Tulsi which have a lot of benefits. The consumption of Tulsi is a first-rate
method of gut cleaning. It additionally helps in stress management. It is
suitable for skin, joint, and liver health. It is made from the extracts of 5
uncommon sorts of Tulsi herbs.
46
Ideally, 5–10 drops of this syrup are ad-
vocated to be taken 2–3 times a day to improve immunity.
Crux cough syrup is an Ayurvedic proprietary medicine manufactured by
BAN Labs Ltd. It is a cough syrup formulated with Tulsi as an ingredient.
Crux Syrup is an Ayurvedic product which is a natural and safe remedy for
colds and all types of coughs, sore throat, and choked voice. It has a soothing
effect in allergic coughs, dry irritating coughs, viral infections, and seasonal
coughs. It contains herbal ingredients such as Piparminta Sat, Navsar, Nil-
giri Oil, Tulsi, Adusi, and Yashtimadhu. These ingredients have a cooling,
pungent effect that soothes throat irritation, is effective for colds, co ughs,
asthma, and fevers, and helps in expectoration. It also possesses antiseptic
and antimicrobial properties.
47
The dose per day is 2 teaspoons, three times
a day for adu lts and
1
2
–1 teaspoon three times a day for children. Table 6.1
includes different marketed formulations, the ir composition, dosage, and
therapeutic uses.
6.8 Modern Techniques of Extraction
O. sanctum, popularly known as Tulsi in India, is a medicinal plant used for a
variety of dietary and pharmaceutical purposes. Due to the presence of
chemicals such as eugenol, methyl eugenol, -caryophyllene, humulene, and
ursolic acid, the leaves of the plant are reported to exhibit substantial nu-
traceutical characteristics, including antioxidative, antibacterial, and anti-
inflammatory qualities. Aromatically, these natural oils are extracted from
Tulsi leaves via distillation and decoction.
62
However, these extraction pro-
cedures are susceptible to biodegradation and the retention of biomolecules
in the solvent, as well as thermal degradation and hyd rolysis. In light of the
extract’s intended use in food and medicinal applications, alternative ex-
traction processes such as supercritical carbon dioxide extraction, ultrasonic
assisted extraction, microwave assisted extraction, solvent extraction, and
hydro distillation are better regarded. Figure 6.5 shows the different ex-
traction methods used to extract bioactive components from O. sanctum.
6.8.1 Ultrasound-assisted Extraction
Ultrasonic extraction is the primary approach for separating bioactive
components from botanicals. Sonication completes the extraction process,
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Table 6.1 Different marketed formulations, their composition, dosage, and therapeutic uses.
Formulation Composition Dosage Uses Ref.
Amylcure DS capsule Tulsi, Nishoth, Punernava,
Kalmegh, Giloe etc.
1–2 capsules twice or thrice
a day
Anti-viral, antioxidant, anti-
inflammatory, and anti-
cholestatic.
48
Decofcyn cough syrup Tulsi, Taleesa patra, Adusha,
Ashwagandha, Shatavari, Lavanga
etc.
1–2 tablespoon thrice a day Expectorant 49
Feverex syrup Tulsi, Guduchi, Cincha, Parpita,
Sphatika etc.
2 tablespoons thrice a day Anti-pyretic activity. 50
B. cough syrup Tulsi, Vanfasa, Gogihara, Khatmi,
Pippali etc.
2 tablespoons thrice a day Anti-cough formula. 51
Koflet syrup Tulsi, Madhu, Guggulu, Draksha,
Vishnu etc.
1–2 tablets twice a day Anti-inflammatory property, anti-
allergic, antimicrobial properties.
52
Respicare tablet Tulsi, Mulethi, Shunthi, Gul
banafsa, Talispatra etc.
1–2 tablets twice a day Control and prevent symptoms
caused by asthma
53
M-Cof syrup Tulsi, Shallaki, Ela, Twak, Patra etc. 1 tablespoon thrice a day Treatment of dry cough 54
Kurex light syrup Tulsi, Yashtimadhu, Pippali,
Kantakari, Bharangi etc.
2 tablespoons thrice a day Cough and bronchitis, with
expectorant and antitussive action.
55
Tussnil syrup Tulsi, Ela, Tvak, Patra, Lavanga etc. 2 tablespoons twice a day Demulcent, expectorant, mucolytic,
bronchodilator.
56
Pneumonorm syrup Tulsi, Pudina satva, Gojivha,
Banafsha, Talisa patra etc.
1
2
tablespoon thrice a day Treatment of respiratory disorders
in pediatrics.
57
Bresol tablet Tulsi, haridra, vasa, triphala,
trikatu, etc.
2 tablets twice a day Allergic rhinitis, bronchial asthma. 58
Dabur tulsi drops The extracts of 5 rare Tulsi 5–10 drops 2–3 times a day Relief from cough and cold. 59
Crux cough syrup Tulsi, Navsar, Nilgiri Oil, Adusi, and
Yashtimadhu.
2 teaspoonful, three times
a day
Cough, sore throat, and choked
voice.
60
Cough syp Tulasi Tulsi, Maricham, Pippali, Viswa, Ela
etc.
1–2 teaspoon 4 times daily All types of coughs without causing
sedation.
61
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resulting in higher extract yields in a very short extraction time. Ultrasound
assisted extraction (UAE) is a versatile food processing technology that is
used to extract bioactive components from plant materials. Ultrasound fre-
quencies greater than 20 kHz are utilized to disrupt the plant’s cell walls,
resulting in increased solvent penetration and extraction rate.
63
UAE can
process at low operating temperatures while maintaining high-quality
chemical extracts. UAE is well-known for its application in traditional
laboratory instruments, such as in ultrasonic baths, as one of the most
straightforward extraction procedures. A sample is combined and placed in
an ultrasonic bath containing the appropriate solvent, while the temperature
and time are controlled. Ultrasound extraction is a very effective method of
extraction that saves money and time while producing high-quality extracts
for food, medicines, and supplements. The ultrasound-assisted extraction
technique is based on the acoustic or ultrasonic cavitation principle. While
various non- traditional proced ures effectively alleviate the disadvantages of
traditional methods, their extraction efficacy varies.
64
Ultrasound-assisted extraction was recently established and showed con-
siderable acceleration of the extraction process, hence lowering the energy
consumption. Additionally, the use of ultrasound-assisted extraction has
several advantages, including ease of extraction handling, rapid execution,
no residue, high output, environmental friendliness, better quality, and
prevention of extract deterioration. Alexandru et al. evaluated the efficiency
of ultrasonic-assisted extraction and traditional maceration for the ex-
traction, and three distinct modes of US extraction were carefully chosen
(450, 900, and 1350 ml per min), with the 1350 ml per min mode achieving
the highest ex traction rate.
65
Similarly, Tekin et al. de veloped a central
composite design to extract essential oils utilizing the US extraction tech-
nique. The study’s independent variables were the temperature (32–52 1C),
extraction time (30–60 minutes), and plant concentrations (3–7%), whereas
the extract was the dependent variable.
66
The frequency of the ultrasonic
Figure 6.5 Different extraction methods used to extract bioactive components from
O. sanctum.
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bath was set to 53 kHz. The temperature had a substantial effect on extract
production, according to the study’s findings. The extract produced eugenol,
-caryophyllene, and 2-methoxy-4-(2 propenyl) phenol acetate. This research
concluded that ultrasonic extraction is an effective inst rument for paving the
road for the comm ercialization of this method. Izadiyan and Hemmatee-
nejad used central composite design approaches to investigate the extraction
of antioxidant-rich compounds from Iranian O. basilicum utilizing
ultrasound-assisted extraction and the effect of extraction variables
(including temperature, methanol to water ratio, and sonication time).
67
They concluded that the most critical factors of the UAE process were the
methanol to water ratio and the extraction temperature, while the sonication
time was unimportant.
6.8.2 Microwave-assisted Extraction
Hydrolysis, heat degradation, and leaching of specific fragrance components
are all problems of old tools for extracting eugenol from various plant
sources. To address these concerns, a variety of modern extraction tech-
nologies have been developed that provide a high extraction yield while re-
quiring minimal processing time and energy. Microwave-assisted extraction
is one of these technologies that is considered a green extraction method
since it can produce eugenol and other essential oils with the same sensory
qualities and quality as those obtained by traditional methods.
68
Further-
more, compared to normal processes, our technology yields a higher ex-
traction rate at a lower cost. The direct effect of microwaves on molecules via
ionic conduction and dipole rotation is linked to microwave energy ex-
traction of bioactive compounds from plants. Microwave energy is converted
to heat when it passes through a solvent. The electrophoretic movement of
charged ions (produced by the microwave’s electric field) results in the
generation of heat as a result of friction between the ions and the medium is
referred to as ionic conduction. Collisions between dipolar molecules cause
dipole rotation, which produces heat. During microwave extraction, micro-
wave energy is rapidly absorbed by polar molecules in the cell matrix. As a
result, the cells’ inner temperature is drastically raised (superheated), en-
abling liquid vaporization and further cell wall breach. The mass transport
of solvent or phytochemicals into the cell is enabled by cell rupture. Despite
the fact that microwave radiation has a huge heating potential, microwave
extraction technology in analytical laboratories is still relatively new.
69
In 1975, Abu-Samra et al. were the first researchers to use a microwave home
oven in the laboratory for trace metal detection in biological materials.
70
It took
over ten years for the first edition to be published, in 1986. Using a few
milliliters of solvent and irradiating for 30 seconds up to seven times in a
domestic oven, Ganzler et al. developed extraction procedures for lipids, an-
tinutrients, and pesticides from soils, seeds, foods, and feeds (1140 W).
71
Microwave digestion methods for extracting a number of sample types, com-
prising botanical, biological, environmental, geological, or metallic matrices,
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