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reported by the National Institute of Nutrition in the Food Composition
Tables. According to these tables, E. officinalis is a reservoir of various vita-
mins, flavonoids, and tannins. The nutritional data of Amla from NIN IFCT
are listed in Table 10.4. One hundred grams of E. officinalis has 300 mg of
vitamin C, whichis almost three times the RDA for adults (65–90 mg per day).
9
Molecules such as citric acid, gallic acid, ascorbic acid, ellagic acid,
chebulinic acid, quercetin, pectin, emblicanin-A, trigallayl glucose, ped-
unculagin, ellagotannin, chebulagic acid, emblicanin-B, and punigluconin
have been reported in E. officinalis. However, good characterisation of the
phytochemicals of E. officinalis has been challenging due to the reactive
nature of many of its phytochemicals and their binding to the E. officinalis
insoluble matrix. This has been especially true of phenolic acids
and polyphenols of E. officinalis which form a major functional group of
E. officinalis’s phytochemicals. One of the approaches to studying phyto-
chemistry has been by characterising the phenolic acid fractions as free
andbound,suchasintheworkofKumaret al.
10
These authors used 70%
ethanol to extract the phenolic acid-free and the phenolic acid-bound
fractions, subsequently extracted under a nitrogen atmosphere using 1 M
sodium hydroxide with 0.5% sodium borohydride.
10
They attributed the
antioxidant activity to phytochemicals such as gallic acid and ascorbic acid,
but did not characterize it further. Other studies have progressed w ith the
isolation and identification of polyphen ols and organic acid gallates from
E. officinalis fruit juice.
11
Along with hydrolysable tannins, E. officinalis’s
other major phenolic constituents are L-malic acid 2-O-gallate, organic
acids gallates,
12
mucic acid 2-O-gallate,
13
chebulagic acid, 1-O-galloyl-a-D-
glucose,
14
and corilagin.
14,15
Bansal et al.
16
reported that fruit juice con-
tains major ellagitan nins like E. officinalis c arpusin and putranjivain A.
16
Our analysis of the literature for phytochemicals of E. officinalis resulted in
alistof200molecules,ofwhichwewereabletoestablishaPubChemID
for 123.
An analysis of these 123 molecules with PubChem ID’s using the
ChemMine tool clustered them into 19 functional groups, as depicted in
Figure 10.4. The top four functional groups are flavon oids, tannins, organo-
oxygen compounds, and prenol lipids. Flavonoids and tannins together are
part of a larger polyphenol group, and this forms the major section of the
E. officinalis phytochemical profile. Polyphenols are being studied by scien-
tists for their wide-ranging biological activity and therapeutic potential.
17
Various polyphenols may play a pivotal role in metabolic pathways as they
interact in biological activities related to multiple signalling pathways in-
volved in the homeostasis of protein, DNA repair, metabolism regulation,
and antioxidant mechanisms.
18
Williams et al.
19
reported that dietary
flavonoids have pharmacological neuroprotective, cardioprotective, and
chemopreventive actions.
19
As mentioned by Hussain et al.,
20
phytomole-
cules belonging to tannins possess antioxidant, antiaging, and antiapoptotic
activities, and prevent neurodegenerative diseases and neuropsychiatric
disorders.
20
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Table 10.4 Nutritional components of Emblica officinalis.
Nutrition group Components Unit Content
Standard
deviation
Proximate
principles and
dietary fibre
Moisture g/100 g 87.02 0.78
Protein g/100 g 0.34 0.03
Ash g/100 g 0.34 0.05
Total fat g/100 g 0.16 0.04
Dietary fibre: total g/100 g 7.75 0.64
Dietary fibre: insoluble g/100 g 6.2 0.43
Dietary fibre: soluble g/100 g 1.55 0.43
Carbohydrate g/100 g 4.39 1.09
Energy kJ/100 g 99 19
Water-soluble
vitamins
Thiamine (B1) mg/100 g 0.01 0.009
Riboflavin (B2) mg/100 g 0.03 0.012
Niacin (B3) mg/100 g 0.12 0.02
Pantothenic acid (B5) mg/100 g 0.35 0.04
Total B6 mg/100 g 0.27 0.054
Biotin (B7) mg/100 g 1.42 0.35
Total folates (B9) mg/100 g 7.86 1.27
Total ascorbic acid mg/100 g 252 30.4
Retinol mg/100 g
Fat-soluble
vitamins
Ergocalciferol (D2) mg/100 g 0.27 0.02
Tocopherols: alpha mg/100 g 0.11 0.01
Tocopherols: gamma mg/100 g 0.01 0
Tocopherols: delta mg/100 g 0.06 0.01
Tocotrienols: alpha mg/100 g 0.05 0.01
a-Tocopherol
equivalent
mg/100 g 0.12 0.02
Phylloquinones (K1) mg/100 g 1.64 0.31
Carotenoids Lutein mg/100 g 38.7 9.78
Zeaxanthin mg/100 g 2.86 1.61
b-Carotene mg/100 g 1.58 0.09
Total carotenoids mg/100 g 62.01 6.45
Minerals and
trace elements
Aluminium (Al) mg/100 g 0.08 0.02
Calcium (Ca) mg/100 g 20.14 2.51
Magnesium (Mg) mg/100 g 6.5 0.93
Copper (Cu) mg/100 g 0.12 0.08
Chromium (Cr) mg/100 g 0.007 0.003
Lead (Pb) mg/100 g 0.004 0.002
Iron (Fe) mg/100 g 1.25 0.08
Molybdenum (Mo) mg/100 g 0.001 0
Manganese (Mn) mg/100 g 0.11 0.02
Phosphorus (P) mg/100 g 21.85 1.87
Nickel (Ni) mg/100 g 0.01 0.003
Lithium (Li) mg/100 g 0.001 0.001
Potassium(K) mg/100 g 223 12.6
Sodium (Na) mg/100 g 1.37 0.19
Zinc (Zn) mg/100 g 0.05 0.01
Starch and
individual
sugars
Total available CHO g/100 g 3.95 0.05
Total starch g/100 g 0.56 0.03
Fructose g/100 g 2.1 0.02
Glucose g/100 g 1.29 0.02
Total free sugars g/100 g 3.39 0.02
Pharmacological Potential and Phytochemical Evaluation 233
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The third largest group in E. officinalis is organo-oxygen compounds which
are aliphatic and aromatic, a combination of C–O bonds, including alcohols
and aldehydes that have been used in gene-delivery systems to enhance the
efficacy of molecular studies.
21
Another group of E. officinalis phytochem-
icals, the prenol lipids, may also have therapeutic properties through their
involvement in multiple cellular processes and metabolic lipid pathways
that are interconnected with obesity, cancer, cell homeostasis, infectious,
inflammatory, and neurodegenerative diseases.
22
Thus, E. officinalis has
potential therapeutic properties that are driven by the above functional
groups.
Figure 10.4 Amla molecules class clustering by ChemMine tools. Note: Each group is
distinguished as a different colour, namely: polyphenols are purple,
tannins are dark green, organooxygen compounds are blue, prenol lipids
are light lavender, carboxylic acids and derivatives are deep moss green,
benzene and substituted derivatives are rama green, fatty acyls are red,
saccharolipids are navy blue, cinnamic acids and derivatives are peach,
dibenzylbutane lignans are dark purple, pyridines and derivatives are
dark brown, dihydrofurans are light parrot green, imidazopyrimidines
are dark lavender, oxazinanes are chocolate, phenols are dark parrot
green, pteridines and derivatives are pink, purine nucleosides are golden
yellow, steroids and steroid derivatives are baby pink.
234 Chapter 10
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10.5 Pharmacological Activity of E. officinalis
As mentioned above, in Ayurveda the top diseases and medical conditions in
which formulations containing E. officinalis have been recommended are
fever (Jvara), skin diseases (Kushta), diabetes (Prameha), cough (Kasa), re-
juvenation (Rasayana), eye diseases (Akshi roga), and anaemia (Pandu)
(Figure 10.1). Its use has also been described in Ayurveda for respiratory
disorders, haemorrhoids, inflammation, IBS, constipation, abdominal
masses, abdominal distention, nausea and vomiting, hiccup, eczema, car-
diac diseases, jaundice, abdominal pain, liver and spleen disorders, renal
calculi, and urinary disorders. This breadth of therapeutic properties has to
be derived from a range of pharmacological activities. Some of the most
relevant are antioxidan t, glycaemic modulation, lipemic modulation, im-
munomodulation, anti-inflammatory, blood circulation, anticancer and
antimutagenic, hepatoprotective, gastroprotective functionalities, analgesic
and antipyretic, antimicrobial, antitussive, neuroprotective, and antiaging
activities.
23
10.5.1 Analgesic, Antipyretic, and Antimicrobial Activities
E. officinalis-based formulations are used for Jwara (fever) in Ayurveda. This
points to its analgesic, antipyretic, and antimicrobial activity. As expected,
extracts of E. officinalis fruits have shown antipyretic and analgesic activities
in various studies.
24–27
These activities have been ascribed to its bioactive
phytochemicals such as carbohydrates, alkaloids, amino acids, phenolates,
and tannoids. An experimental study on rats with E. officinalis extracts re-
ported that these extracts notably reduced hypersensitivity-related neuro-
pathic pain in rats.
24
An animal model study concluded that the animals
induced by brewer’s yeast showed a reduction in hyperthermia.
8
Further-
more, the writhing response induced by acetic acid in mice was inhibited by
extracts of E. officinalis.
27
It has been suggested that the analgesic activity of
E. officinalis is because of its ability to inhibit nociceptors and pain mediator
synthesis.
26
An in vivo pain model study by Lim et al.
24
claimed that extract
of E. officinalis has a potent analgesic agent in both neuropathic and
postoperative pain.
The antimicrobial activity of E. officinalis extracts may also be a reason for
the use of its extract in fever (jwara) treatment in Ayurveda. Many of the
phytochemicals that contribute to its analgesic activity also contribute to its
antimicrobial activity such as alkaloids, flavonoids, and terpenoids, which
are present at substantial levels in E. officinalis.
The antimicrobial activity of E. officinalis extracts has been studied in
many in vitro model systems involving bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa.
In an extensive study, the alcoholic extract of E. officinalis was shown to have
an excellent antibacterial effect on a broad range of pathogenic Gram-
positive and -negative bacteria. The extracts also showed potent inhibitory
action on fungi such as S. cerevisiae, C. albicans, and A. niger.
28,29
A study
Pharmacological Potential and Phytochemical Evaluation 235
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observed that the chloroform fractionated methanolic extract of E. officinalis
had potent cytotoxicity with an LC50 of 10.257 0.770 mgmL
128
against
pathogenic Gram-positive and -negative bacteria and it also exhibited in-
hibitory activity on dermatophytes.
29
The antiviral effect of E. officinalis
against herpes virus was ascribed to the polyphenols that inactivated viral
particles in the extracellular area and inhibited biosyn thesis of virus in the
host.
30
Furthermore, Bagavan et al.
31
evaluated the antimalarial activity of
leaf extracts of E. officinalis against chloroquine-sensitive and -resistant
strains of Plasmodium falciparum and found considerable antimicrobial ac-
tivity against both strains.
31
Experiments conducted on mice showed that dietary supplementation
with E. officinalis proved to be effective against the respiratory tract
infection induced by K. pneumoniae.
32
In vitro experiments carried out by
Thaweboon et al.
33
also demonstrated antimicrobial activity of ethanolic
extracts of E. officinalis and reported the alcoholic extract inhibits Candida
albicans on human oral epithelial cells and denture acrylic surfaces. Anti-
plasmodial activity has been reported in E. officinalis extracts using various
in vivo and in vitro models. C. albicans is an opportunistic pathogen found on
human oral epithelial cells and denture acrylic surfaces which causes oral
infection; its growth and adhesion were significantly inhibited by ethanolic
extracts of E. officinalis.
33
10.5.2 Antioxidant Activity
E. officinalis and E. officinalis-based formulations have been studied exten-
sively for their metal ion chelation, antioxidant, and prooxida nt activities.
34
Metal ion chelation prevents the generation of free radicals by the oxidative
chemistry induced by metal ions in the gut and elsewhere in the body.
Antioxidants bind to the reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species gen-
erated in the body as a result of bodily functions. Pro-oxidants do the op-
posite and promote the generation of oxygen species, thereby killing the cells
in which pro-oxidants are active. Metal ion chelation and antioxidants play a
role in chemoprevention, while pro-oxidant properties can be exploited for
chemotherapeutic roles. E. officinalis appears to have all three properties as
shown by a number of studies. Polatnov et al.
35
evaluated the antioxidant
activity of four different commercially available E. officinalis extracts and
evaluated their antioxidant activity using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-
hydrate (DPPH) and superoxide scavenging assay.
35
They concluded that all
the extracts had antioxidant properties in these assays at gastric concen-
trations and pH, and thus by stabilising reactive species, E. officinalis extracts
prevented the initiation and propagation of a free radical-derived chain re-
action, e.g. hydrogen abstraction from susceptible polyunsaturated fatty
acids. An in vitro study carried out on a HepG2 cell line (hepatocyte cell line)
proved the antioxidant effect of E. officinalis extract by demonstrating a re-
duction in the level of molecules, namely lipid hydroperoxide reactive oxygen
species (ROS) that causes ox idation induced by stress and an increment in
236 Chapter 10
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the level of antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione reductase (GSR), glu-
tathione S-tran sferase, and glutathione peroxidase.
36
A study on human
dermal fibroblasts showed that E. officinalis was effective in repairing col-
lagen damage and ultraviolet-B (UVB) irradiation-induced ROS damage.
37
Several researchers have studied the antioxidant effects of E. officinalis in
animal model systems wherein oxidative stress or cell damage was created
by metal ions, radiation, and chemicals/drugs. In one study, the oral ad-
ministration of E. officinalis juice demonstrated antioxidant activity by pre-
venting brain damage in a radiation and cadmium-induced rat model.
38
Furthermore, Singh et al.
39
illustrated the antioxidant effect of E. officinalis
in hepatocytes of mice by preventing oxidative damage, necrosis, and
apoptosis caused by arsenic.
39
It has also been reported that the antioxidant
potential and cytoprotective action of E. officinalis was effective in protection
from non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced gastric le-
sions.
40
A recent study carried out on lead and sodium arsenite-induced rats
reported that administration of E. officinalis leaf extracts rich in antioxidants
was effective in repairing renal tissue damage by restoring the abnorma l
concentration of urea and creatinine.
41
Mehrotra et al.
42
reported that fruit pulp alcoholic extract of E. officinalis
also has free radical scavenging and antioxidant activities.
42
Bhattacharya
et al.
11
proved the potential antioxidant effect of E. officinalis, through an
increase in the free radical scavenging enzyme level, on rat brain striatal and
frontal cortical. This property may be ascribed to tannins, viz. emblicanin B,
emblicanin A, pedunculagin, and punigluconin, which have vitamin C-like
properties.
11
While much of the literature has focused on the antioxidant properties of
E. officinalis, there has been mention of its role as a pro-oxidant in biological
systems also. Studies have reported that Triphala, a formulation containing
33% E. officinalis, exhibits a pro-oxidant nature by inducing ROS production
in the murine spleen, normal breast MCF-10F cells, and liver cells.
43
Studies
have shown that the higher level of ROS leads to increased lethality in cancer
cells.
44,45
Based on the above report, it was concluded that the pro-oxidative
nature and anticancer property of Triphala were due to ROS production,
which furthermore inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in cancer
cells.
46
10.5.3 Immunomodulatory and Antiinflammatory Activities
E. officinalis extracts have been studied for their ability to regulate numerous
components of inflammation and to trigger anti-inflammatory mechanisms,
including gene expression, regulation of immune cell, and pro-inflammatory
cytokine synthesis. The action of E. officinalis on the immune system is at-
tributed to biologically active constituents that could potentially protect
from various chronic inflammatory diseases like cancers, obesity, degener-
ation of neurons, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases, among other
conditions.
Pharmacological Potential and Phytochemical Evaluation 237
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Much of the work has been conducted on animal and cell-based models.
Treatment of albino mice with E. officinalis showed a dose-dependent ele-
vation in the macrophage emigration index, haemagglutination antibody
titre, allergic reaction, total leukocyte count, respiratory burst activity of the
peritoneal macrophages, distribution of lymphocyte, serum globulin,
and weight of lymphoid organ. This explains the immunomodulatory effect
of E. officinalis.
47
Suresh and Vasudevan (1994) demonstrated the im-
munomodulatory effect in E. officinalis-treated BALB/c mice due to a two-fold
increment in the activity of antibody-mediated cellular cytotoxicity and
natural killer cell activity. This activity seemed to be because of ascorbic
acid.
48
It has been repo rted that E. officinalis treatment attenuated oxidative
stress and immunosuppression induced by chromium. It also restored
lymphocyte proliferation caused by intoxication of lipopolysaccharide and
concanavalin-A. E. officinalis has been reported to inhibit DNA fragmen-
tation and is useful in restoring the interferon-g and IL-2 levels.
49
Santoshkumar et al.
50
reported that E. officinalis fruit powder showed a
strong anti-inflammatory effect on both acute and chronic inflammation
models in comparison with the standard drug, diclofenac sodium.
50
Asmavi
et al.
51
observed significant anti-inflammatory activity of E. officinalis aque-
ous extract on a carrageenan-induced rat model at 200 mg per kg per day
dosage.
51
A clinical study carried out on a small population of diabetes type 2
patients illustrated t hat E. officinalis fruit extract in single or multiple doses
decreases the platelet aggregation at a dose of 500 mg per day.
34
In a study
undertaken by Ihantola-Vormisto et al.
52
it was found that various extracts
of E. officinalis leaves attenuated TXB2 produced in platelets during clot-
ting, LTB4 secretion from human PMNs caused by calcium ionophore
A23187, platelet aggregation due to adrenaline , emigration of human
polymorphonuclear leukocytes induced by leukotriene B4, and degranu-
lation triggered by FMLP.
52
The anti-inflammatory property of E. officinalis
can be ascribed to the presence of gallic acid, rutin, and ellagic acid.
Srikumar et al.
53
described an E. officinalis-containing Ayurvedic formu-
lation called Triphala t hat exhibited a stimulative effect o n neutrophil
functions in albin o rats.
53
An experimental study reported that the in-
flammatory effect of E. officinalis extracts can be attributed to attenuation
of synthesis and release of inflammatory regulators such as prosta-
glandins, s erotonin, and histamine.
54
Inaddition,thisstudywasalso
employed on a cotton pellet granuloma model in rats to evaluate the effect
of the hydroalcoholic extract of E. officinalis against chronic inflammation.
The study reported a significant reduction of granuloma in the treated
group, with a 52.36% r eduction compared to the control group.
54
More-
over, it has been observed that E. officinalis extract inhibited a key tran-
scriptor NF-kB activation which is involved in ageing and chronic
inflammatory response.
55
In vitro studies on c ystic fibrosis extracted
bronchial epithelial cells illustrated that E. officinalis extract treatment led
to the inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokine expression.
56
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The wide range of anti-inflammatory mechanisms that E. officinalis ex-
tracts can trigger hold promise of newer formulations and need to be further
researched with well-characterised extracts and taken forward to clinical
studies.
10.5.4 Antiproliferative, Antitumour, and Antimutagenic
Activities
E. officinalis extracts have been studied for their effects on sever al pathways
that play a role in controlling cancer cell proliferation and mutagenesis,
such as enhancement of the apoptosis rate, DNA damage, and synthesis of a
pro-inflammatory marker.
34
One of the best approaches to controlling can-
cer is to combine food phytomolecules and chemotherapy. E. officinalis
could be the food source for the phytochemicals that complement chemo-
therapy. A study conducted on high-grade serous cancer of ovary cells with
p53 and BRCA1/2 mutations which were carboplatin- and taxol-resistant
reported that treatment with E. officinalis extracts significantly reduced the
invasiveness and emigration of cells. In this study, it was also observed that
there was a reduction of IGFIR, SNAIL, and HIF-IL expression, and en-
hancement of E-cadherin.
57
An E. officinalis aqueous extract study showed a dose-dependent size re-
duction of the solid tumour through inhibition of Cdc25 phosphatase, a cell
cycle regulator. This indicated the antiproliferative effect of the E. officinalis
extract.
58
The anticancer effect of E. officinalis has been attributed to mul-
tiple phytomolecules such as gallic acid, proanthocyanidin polymers, nor-
sesquiterpenoids and phenolic compounds.
59
Ngamkitidechakul et al.
60
illustrated the antitumour capacity of E. officinalis extract by an in vitro
study carried out on various human cancer cell lines, namely SW620 (col-
orectal), A549 (lung), MDB-MB-231 (breast, triple-negative), HepG2 (hepa-
tocytes), SK-OV3 (ovarian), and HeLa (cervical).
60
An in vivo study carried out
on DMBA (7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene)/TPL (12-O-tetradecanoyl-phor-
bol-13-acetate) induced skin tumours in mice.
60
The antiproliferative effect
of E. officinalis was demonstrated by a study carried out on four different
bone marrow cell lines, Jurkat (T-lymphoid), K562 (erythromyeloid), HEL
(leukaemic erythroblast), and Raji (B-lymphoid), which can be ascribed to a
potent tumour cell growth inhibitor pyrogallol, present in E. officinalis. It has
been suggested that E. officinalis fruit extract prevented chromosome dam-
age in 3,4-benzo(a)pyrene-induced mice.
61
An experimental study illustrated
the anticancer activity of E. officinalis in tumour-bearing mice, leading to a
35% increase in life expectancy. Another in vitro study of E. officinalis extract
on human ovary cancer cells showed suppression of the angiogenic gene and
stimulated expression of autophagic proteins.
62
In an animal experimental
model, extract of E. officinalis exhibited protection against lung lesions in-
duced by benzopyrene through the suppression of interleukin 1b.
58
The
antimutagenic activity of E. officinalis was illustrated by different studies
Pharmacological Potential and Phytochemical Evaluation 239
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which can be ascribed to various secondary metabolites such as terpenoids,
phenolates, flavonoids, and glycosides. Jose et al.
63
reported that E. officinalis
extract treatment led to suppression of the activation and mutation of
2-acetamidoflurene and sarcoma induced by 20-methylcholanthrene.
63
This
antimutagenic activity was attributed to its ability to inhibit phase I enzymes
and free radical scavenging properties.
34
Protection against mutations in-
duced by cyclophosphamide in mice was illustrated by Haque et al.
64
10.5.5 Neuroprotective and Antiaging Activity
Currently, very few curative or preventive agents are available for the treat-
ment of brain health disorders such as Parkinsonism and Alzheimer’s dis-
ease. E. officinalis’s use in traditional medicine as a neuroprotective has
triggered scientific interest in the use of E. officinalis extracts for their effects
on various pathways linked with brain and neural function.
Studies have reported that the antidepressant-like effect of E. officinalis
extracts can be attributed to attenuation of neurotransmitters and certain
enzymes such as gamma- aminobutyric acid (GABA) and monoamine
oxidase-A (MAO-A).
65
Studies have also illustrated that E. officinalis powder
produced dose-dependent enhan cement of memory, which indicates that
E. officinalis can be used as a therapeutic agent for treating Alzheimer’s
disease because of its multitudinous benefits in memory loss reversal and
memory enhancement.
66
E. officinalis has also been useful in curing epi-
lepsy. E. officinalis hydroalcoholic extract was observed to be beneficial
against status epilepticus and generalised tonic convulsions induced by
kainic acid and pentylenetetrazole.
67
Justin Thenmozhi et al.
67
evaluated the
nootropic activity of E. officinalis on aluminium chloride induced. E. offici-
nalis treatment with 200 mg per kg dosage yielded a significant decrease of
hippocampal and cortical enzymes by inhibiting amyloid precursor protein
(APP), acetylcholinesterase, and A-beta, beta and gamma secretase.
67
Damodar Reddy et al., demonstrated the effect of E. officinalis against alco-
hol-induced brain mitochondrial dysfunction which revealed that treatment
with E. officinalis improved the activity of cytochrome C oxidase and en-
dogenous antioxidant system.
68
In an experimental study on stress-induced
mice, it was observed that E. officinalis extract treatment enhanced mental
health by reducing corticosterone levels.
69
Furthermore, E. officinalis extract
was found to exhibit an antiaging effect that benefits collagen synthesis and
prevents its degradation.
70
An in vitro study reported that one of the
phytochemical chebulagic acids that exist in E. officinalis, ameliorates
intracellular organelles and proteins autophagy. This process leads to pro-
tection from conditions mimicking Parkinson’s disease induced by 1methyl-
4-phenylpyridinium (MPP þ ), a neuronal toxin.
69
A study carried out on a
scopolamine-induced amnesia mice model to assess the therapeutic efficacy
of hydroalcoholic E. officinalis extract also gave promising results and re-
ported that the extract has the potential to inhibit cholinergic dysfunction,
in turn leading to a reduction in cognitive deficits.
71
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10.5.6 Hepatoprotective Activity
Studies have shown that E. officinalis possesses hepatoprotective effects.
72
Many studies have used model systems wherein acute hepatic damage was
induced by using chemicals such as CCl
4
and thioacetamide (an organo-
sulphuric drug that leads to hepatocarcinoma and related disorders) and
alcohol. E. officinalis extract was useful in decreasing the graveness of hep-
atic fibrosis caused by carbon tetrachloride and thioacetamide,
8
while in
other studies the extracts reduced the percentage of liver infiltration and
focal necrosis,
34
reduced the synthesis of DNA and thioacetamide-
augmented ornithine decarboxylase, and balanced the levels of GSH,
SGOT, SGPT, and glutathione peroxidase G6PD. Pramyothin et al.
73
also
showed that E. officinalis treatment has a potential hepatoprotective effect by
balancing serum SGOT, SGPT, TNF, TG, and IL-1b on a primary hepatocyte
culture of rats intoxicated with alcohol.
73
The protective activity of aqueous
extract on hepatic cells in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
58
was shown in an
animal model and attributed to the phytochemical quercetin present in
E. officinalis fruit. The wide-ranging hepatoprotective activity of E. officinalis
may be due to its property to inhibit CYP 2E1, and its antioxidant and
membrane-stabilising activities.
74
Another area of research for E. officinalis extracts has been hepatotoxicity
caused by iron overload.
75
From a therapeutic point of view, chelation has
been a very important method in the treatment of iron overload and defer-
oxamine (Desferal), being a classical chelator of iron, is useful in the re-
duction of pathogenesis induced by iron overload but it cannot be consumed
orally and has certain side effects, and hence there is a need to develop new
effective iron chelators for oral consumption. An E. officinalis-based chelator
may address this need. Preclinical studies carried out in rats have reported
that a emblicanin A- and B-rich E. officinalis prophylactic treatment reduced
ALT, LDH, AST, and lipid peroxidation induced by iron overload.
76
Also,
studies have demonstrated the benefits of E. officinalis extract against iron
load-induced liver damage by chelating the labile iron due to its properties
to reduce ferritin release, DNA break down due to ferrous, and it also en-
hances antioxidant enzyme levels.
77
E. officinalis thus is a potential hepa-
toprotective agent which protects against a broad range of hepatotoxins such
as heavy metals, ethanol, ochratoxins, paracetamol, hexachlorocyclohexane,
antitubercular drugs, and carbon tetrachloride,
8
and in turn holds promise
for developing a new range of iron chelators.
10.5.7 Gastroprotective Activity
Many Ayurvedic formulations containing E. officinalis areeffectiveinulcer
relief. Studies carried out in animal models using rats have shown that
E. offi cinalis alcoholic extract prevents ulcerative colitis induced by acetic
acid.
34
Extracts of E. officinalis demonstrated a significant reduction in
ethanol-induced gastric ulcers. Pretreatment of the rats with butanol
Pharmacological Potential and Phytochemical Evaluation 241
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