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Chemistry, Biological Activities and Therapeutic Applications
of Medicinal Plants in Ayurveda
Chemistry, Biological Activities
and Therapeutic Applications of
Medicinal Plants in Ayurveda
Edited by
Augustine Amalraj
Aurea Biolabs Private Limited, India
Email: augustin14amal@gmail.com
Sasikumar Kuttappan
Aurea Biolabs Private Limited, India
Email: sasi kumartk@gmail.com
and
Karthik Varma A. C.
Aurea Biolabs Private Limited, India
Email: ackvarmaapm@gmail.com
Print ISBN: 978-1-83916-403-3
PDF ISBN: 978-1-83916-621-1
EPUB ISBN: 978-1-83916-622-8
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
r The Royal Society of Chemistry 2023
All rights reserved
Apart from fair dealing for the purposes of research for non-commercial purposes or for
private study, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents
Act 1988 and the Copyright and Related Rights Regulations 2003, this publication may not
be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior
permission in writing of The Royal Society of Chemistry or the copyright owner, or in the
case of reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright
Licensing Agency in the UK, or in accordance with the terms of the licences issued by the
appropriate Reproduction Rights Organization outside the UK. Enquiries concerning
reproduction outside the terms stated here should be sent to The Royal Society of
Chemistry at the address printed on this page.
Whilst this material has been produced with all due care, The Royal Society of Chemistry
cannot be held responsible or liable for its accuracy and completeness, nor for any
consequences arising from any errors or the use of the information contained in this
publication. The publication of advertisements does not constitute any endorsement by
The Royal Society of Chemistry or Authors of any products advertised. The views and
opinions advanced by contributors do not necessarily reflect those of The Royal Society of
Chemistry which shall not be liable for any resulting loss or damage arising as a result of
reliance upon this material.
The Royal Society of Chemistry is a charity, registered in England and Wales,
Number 207890, and a company incorporated in England by Royal Charter
(Registered No. RC000524), registered office: Burlington House, Piccadilly,
London W1J 0BA, UK, Telephone: þ44 (0) 20 7437 8656.
Visit our website at www.rsc.org/books
Printed in the United Kingdom by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY, UK
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Preface
From ancient days onwards, people have depended greatly on the traditional
systems of medicine, which were concentrated in specific regions. These
systems of medicines concentrated on the use of the most popular herbs and
spices, which are common to the specific ge ographic locations and were
used effectively to treat many serious disorders. Ayurveda, commonly re-
ferred to as the Elixir of life in the Indian system of medicine, has gained
many accolades from the time it was used to cure medical ailments. More-
over, Ayurveda is one of the oldest traditional health care systems in the
world, with more than 2000 medicinal plants in its Materia Medica, which
highlights health promotion, illness prevention, delivers actions to address
sickness, and also deals with pharmaceutical science. As per Ayurvedic
systems, life is sustained by a tripod of mental, physical and spiritual factors
constituted by body (Sharir), senses (Indriyas), mind (Satwa) and spirit
(Atma), and the healing principles of Ayurveda focus on curing the three
doshas, vata, pitta and kapha. Ayurvedic preparations are available in nu-
merous versatile delivery platforms like choornas, kashayams, Ghrita, aa-
sava, tablets, decoctions, etc. Ayurveda also relies on the concept of
polyherbal formulations to make the final formulations.
Ancient literatures have cited the use of herbs/spices, which are of im-
portance in common kitchen use and also for treating many medical dis-
orders. These herbs and their bioactive components act by multiple
mechanisms of action to heal disorders. Various plants and their parts are
used in different Ayurvedic and Siddha formulations, in particular, turmeric,
ginger, boswellia, ashwagandha, pepper, bacopa, amla, galangal, cissus, etc.
are the most important species, with lengthy therapeutic practice dating
back 5000 years. These spices and herb s have enormous amounts of
bioactive components, which have shown various biological activities. Sev-
eral drugs have captured the global market through the exploration of
Chemistry, Biological Activities and Therapeutic Applications of Medicinal Plants in Ayurveda
Edited by Augustine Amalraj, Sasikumar Kuttappan and Karthik Varma A. C.
r The Royal Society of Chemistry 2023
Published by the Royal Society of Chemistry, www.rsc.org
v
https://t.me/med1917
traditional medicine and ethnopharmacology. Some of these herbs and their
important formulations have been clinically validated to heal multiple
disorders.
This book provides insights into the most popular herbs and spices, and
their bioactive components responsible for the medicinal properties of dif-
ferent herbal formulations and their clinical evaluation. The book highlights
chemistry, biological activities and therapeutic applications of significantly
used herbs and spices in various Ayurvedic formulations and their utiliza-
tion and applications in different dietary supplements, and nutraceutical,
pharmaceutical and functional foods, and also discusses the advantages,
concerns, and challenges of integrating Ayurvedic principles. Furthermore,
the book also highlights the interdisciplinary research approach involving
traditional knowledge and evidence, history of ethnopharmacology, mo-
lecular biology, pharmacoepidemiology and other advanced research areas
for the scientific basis to integrate Ayurveda into modern drug discovery.
The book comprises 15 chapters, each written by experts in their re-
spective field and each chapter having a comprehensive bibliography. The
editors have attempted to collect and organize as much information as
possible about the chemistry, biological activities and therapeutic appli-
cations of selected medicinal plants in Ayurveda and they would like to place
on record their gratitude to the various chapter authors for their wonderful
efforts. This book is directed at researchers, scientists, clinicians and in-
dustrialists working in the areas of Ayurveda and herbal medicine, experi-
mental and molecular medicine and general biomedical sciences. We hope
that this book will inspire all those who are involved in the research, pro-
duction, processing and marketing of medicinal plants in Ayurveda for the
growth and upgrading of Siddha and Ayurveda.
Augustine Amalraj
Sasikumar Kuttappan
Karthik Var ma A. C.
vi Preface
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Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction to Ayurvedic Formulations: Exploring the
Classical Concepts with Modern Science 1
J. A. A. S. Jayaweera
1.1 Ayurvedic Formulations: Exploring the Classical
Concepts 1
1.1.1 Arista and Asava 2
1.1.2 Rasa Rasayana 3
1.1.3 Vati or Gutika 9
1.1.4 Churna 10
1.1.5 Avaleha 10
1.1.6 Ghrita 10
1.1.7 Taila (Oils) 11
1.1.8 Guggulu 11
1.2 Modern Science Perspectives 11
References 18
Chapter 2 Scientific Approach to the Role of Turmeric in Ayurvedic
Formulations and Their Phytochemistry 22
Gurmeet Singh, Nadana Vinayagan and Abdul Mateen
2.1 Introduction 22
2.2 Data-mining Classical Texts for Insights 24
2.3 Therapeutic Uses of Turmeric 28
2.3.1 Antidiabetic and Prameha 28
2.3.2 Antiarthritic and Vatarakta 31
2.3.3 Anaemia and Panduroga 31
2.3.4 Skin Diseases and Kushtaroga 32
Chemistry, Biological Activities and Therapeutic Applications of Medicinal Plants in Ayurveda
Edited by Augustine Amalraj, Sasikumar Kuttappan and Karthik Varma A. C.
r The Royal Society of Chemistry 2023
Published by the Royal Society of Chemistry, www.rsc.org
vii
https://t.me/med1917
2.4 Phytochemical Composition and Pharmacological
Activities of Turmeric 32
2.5 Conclusions 39
Acknowledgements 40
References 40
Chapter 3 Ginger in Ayurvedic Preparations and Its Applications in
the Development of Nutraceuticals, Dietary Supplements
and Functional Foods and Their Beneficial Effects in
Various Biological Activities 45
Augustine Amalraj, Karthik Varma A. C., Shintu Jude and
Sasikumar Kuttappan
3.1 Ayurveda 45
3.2 Siddha 46
3.3 Ginger and Its Components 47
3.4 Chemical Constituents of Ginger 48
3.5 Classical Ayurvedic Formulations with Ginger and
Their Uses 49
3.6 Ayurvedic Herbal Formulations with Ginger for
Different Health Issues 54
3.7 Evidence-based Formulations in Various
Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods 57
3.8 Biological Activities of Ginger in Different Uses 59
3.8.1 Anti-inflammatory Effect 59
3.8.2 Protective Effect on Liver Health 60
3.8.3 Protective Effect on Kidney Health 61
3.8.4 Gastrointestinal Health 61
3.8.5 Protective Effect on Ulcerative Colitis 62
3.8.6 Pain Relief Effect 62
3.8.7 Anticancer Effect 62
3.8.8 Management of Chronic Diseases 63
3.8.9 Management of Nausea and Vomiting 63
3.8.10 Antidiabetic Effect 63
3.8.11 Neuroprotective and Memory-enhancing
Effect 64
3.8.12 Protective Effect on Respiratory Disorders 64
3.8.13 Effect on Oxidative Stress and Hypertension 65
3.8.14 Antiobesity Effect 65
3.9 Conclusion 66
Acknowledgements 67
References 67
viii Contents
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Chapter 4 Most Modern Approach to the Phytochemistry and
Therapeutic Potential of Boswellia in Ayurvedic
Formulations 73
Karthik Varma A. C., Sasikumar Kuttappan and
Augustine Amalraj
4.1 Introduction 73
4.2 Boswellia in Ayurvedic Texts 74
4.3 Ayurvedic Properties of Shallaki 75
4.4 Varg of Shallaki in Different Literature Sources 75
4.5 Science Behind the Action of Ayurvedic
Formulations 75
4.6 Taxonomy and Phytochemistry 76
4.7 Modern Medicinal Uses 76
4.7.1 Sandhigata Vata/Arthritis 76
4.7.2 Antihyperlipidemic and Antidiabetic
Activity 80
4.7.3 Anticancer 81
4.7.4 Antiulcer 81
4.7.5 Immune Response 82
4.7.6 Antithrombotic 82
4.7.7 Skin Disorders 83
4.7.8 Antidiarrhoeal 83
4.7.9 Hepatoprotective Activity 84
4.7.10 Neuroprotective Effects 84
4.8 Conclusion 85
Acknowledgements 85
References 85
Chapter 5 Phytochemical, Botanical and Therapeutic Potential of
Withania somnifera in Ayurveda 89
S. Subasini, P. Ananthi, K. Hemkumar and Anitha Pius
5.1 Introduction 89
5.2 Taxonomical classification 91
5.3 Distribution 91
5.4 Composition 92
5.5 Therapeutical Potential 93
5.5.1 Neuroprotective Effects 93
5.5.2 Anti-Parkinson Effects 95
5.5.3 Breast Cancer 96
5.5.4 Cervical Cancer 96
5.5.5 Ovarian Cancer 96
Contents ix
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