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5.5.6 Role of W. somnifera in Anxiety 97
5.5.7 Antivenom 99
5.5.8 Immunity 100
5.5.9 Antiaging 101
5.5.10 Antidiabetic Effect 101
5.6 Ethnomedicinal Practice 101
5.7 Clinical Trials 104
5.8 Market Potential and Marketed Formulations 104
5.9 Conclusion 105
References 106
Chapter 6 Scientific Evaluation of the Role of Ocimum sanctum in
Ayurvedic Formulations and Its Phytochemistry and
Pharmacological Activities 108
Haamid Rasheed, Suhail Ahmed, Harjeet Singh and
Alok Sharma
6.1 Introduction 108
6.2 Ayurvedic Significance and Ethnopharmacological
Relevance 110
6.3 Geographical Distribution 111
6.4 Botanical Description 111
6.5 Chemical Constituents 112
6.6 Different Ancient Ayurvedic Formulations
Containing Tulsi 114
6.7 Different Modern Formulations Available
Containing Tulsi 115
6.8 Modern Techniques of Extraction 118
6.8.1 Ultrasound-assisted Extraction 118
6.8.2 Microwave-assisted Extraction 121
6.8.3 Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction 122
6.8.4 Ionic-liquid Extraction Method 123
6.8.5 Enzyme-assisted Extraction 124
6.8.6 Pressurized Liquid Extraction 125
6.8.7 Pulsed Electric Field Extraction 126
6.9 Pharmacological Profile 126
6.9.1 Antimicrobial Properties 126
6.9.2 Anticancer 130
6.9.3 Hepatoprotective Activity 131
6.9.4 Immunomodulatory Activity 131
6.9.5 Antiinflammatory Activity 132
6.9.6 Antiulcer Activity 133
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6.9.7 Effect on the Central Nervous System 133
6.9.8 Antihyperlipidemic Activity 134
6.9.9 Antiarthritic Activity 135
6.9.10 Anthelmintic Activity 135
6.9.11 Antidiabetic Activity 136
6.9.12 Miscellaneous Activities 136
6.10 Conclusion 137
Funding 140
Conflict of Interest 140
Acknowledgements 141
References 141
Chapter 7 Most Modern Approach to the Phytochemical Evaluation
and Use of Pepper Species in Ayurvedic Formulations 148
Rashmi Singh, Haamid Rasheed, Suhail Ahmed,
Harjeet Singh and Alok Sharma
7.1 Background: Black Pepper 148
7.2 Ayurvedic Importance and Its
Ethnopharmacological Relevance 149
7.2.1 Balancing the Doshas with Black Pepper 150
7.3 Geographical Distribution 150
7.4 Botanical Description 151
7.5 Different Ancient Ayurvedic Formulations
Prepared from Black Pepper 152
7.6 Different Modern Formulations Available
Containing Black Pepper 156
7.7 Phytochemicals 159
7.7.1 Whole Plant 159
7.7.2 Fruits 159
7.7.3 Roots 161
7.7.4 Different Habitats and Diversity in
Phytochemicals 161
7.8 Modern Techniques Used in the Extraction of
Piper nigrum 162
7.8.1 Hydrotropic Extraction Method 162
7.8.2 Supercritical Fluid (SCF) Extraction Method 164
7.8.3 Ultrasound-assisted Extraction (UAE)
Method 165
7.8.4 Microwave-assisted Extraction (MAE)
Method 166
7.8.5 Ionic-liquid Extraction Method 166
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7.9 Clinical Studies on Black Pepper 167
7.9.1 Piperine Effect on the Digestive Tract 169
7.9.2 Vitiligo 169
7.9.3 Other Conditions 169
Abbreviations 172
Conflict of Interest 172
Acknowledgements 172
References 173
Chapter 8 Bacopa monnieri (Brahm i): Phytochemistry and
Use in Traditional Ayurvedic Formulations 176
Renju Kunjumon, Anil John Johnson and
Sabulal Baby
8.1 Ayurveda and Bacopa monnieri 176
8.2 B. monnieri-based Ayurvedic Formulations 178
8.3 Phytochemistry of B. monnieri 181
8.4 Standardization of Brahmi-based and
Other Ayurvedic Formu l ations 188
8.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 194
Abbreviations 194
Acknowledgements 195
References 195
Chapter 9 Therapeutic Potential of Triphala in Ayurveda and
Its Phytochemical Studies 201
A. Wele Asmita, B. Koppikar Soumya, Nimkar Gauri and
Bendale Rama
9.1 Triphala: The Three Myrobalans 201
9.2 Ayurvedic Perspective on Triphala 202
9.3 Bioactive Components of Triphala 203
9.4 Effects of Triphala on Various Diseases 205
9.4.1 Anticancer Activity and Triphala 205
9.4.2 Immunomodulatory Effect and
Triphala 207
9.4.3 Cardiovascular Health and Triphala 214
9.4.4 Nervous System and Triphala 214
9.4.5 Metabolic Syndrome and Triphala 215
9.5 The Way Ahead for Triphala 216
Abbreviations 217
Acknowledgements 217
References 217
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Chapter 10 Pharmacological Potential and Phytochemical Evaluation
of Emblica officinalis: A Wonder Herb in Ayurveda 221
Gurmeet Singh, Shride vi Gothe, Nadana Vinayagan and
Smriti Chawala
10.1 Introduction 221
10.2 General Description of E. officinalis 222
10.2.1 Scientific Classification and
Morphological Description 222
10.2.2 Vernacular Names 223
10.3 Amla in Ayurveda Classical Text 225
10.4 Phytochemistry of E. officinalis 231
10.5 Pharmacological Activity of E. officinalis 235
10.5.1 Analgesic, Antipyretic, and Antimicrobial
Activities 235
10.5.2 Antioxidant Activity 236
10.5.3 Immunomodulatory and
Antiinflammatory Activities 237
10.5.4 Antiproliferative, Antitumour, and
Antimutagenic Activities 239
10.5.5 Neuroprotective and Antiaging Activity 240
10.5.6 Hepatoprotective Activity 241
10.5.7 Gastroprotective Activity 241
10.5.8 Serum Glycaemic Modulation 242
10.5.9 Cardioprotective Activity 243
10.5.10 Lipid Profile Modulation 243
10.5.11 Antitussive and Other Respiratory Problems 244
10.6 Conclusion 244
Abbreviations 245
Acknowledgements 246
References 246
Chapter 11 Galangal – a Promising Herb in Ayurvedic Formulations:
Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Evaluations 250
Guruprasad C. Nille, Shardendu Kumar Mishra,
Omkar S. Nille, Angad Kumar Singh and
Anand Kumar Chaudhary
11.1 Introduction 250
11.1.1 Rasna in Ayurveda 251
11.2 Phytochemistry 252
11.2.1 Phytochemicals Present in the
Galangal Species 252
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11.3 Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd 253
11.3.1 Synonyms 253
11.3.2 English Names 253
11.3.3 Vernacular Names 253
11.3.4 Taxonomy 253
11.3.5 Geographical Distribution 253
11.3.6 Traditional Medicinal Uses of Alpinia
galanga (L.) Willd 258
11.4 Pharmacological Actions 260
11.4.1 Spermatogenesis Activity 260
11.4.2 Cytotoxic and Apoptotic Effects 261
11.4.3 Antimicrobial Activity 263
11.4.4 Antifungal Activity 264
11.4.5 Antioxidant Activity 264
11.4.6 Anti-inflammatory Activity 265
11.4.7 Antidiabetic Activity 266
11.4.8 Antiulcer Property 267
11.4.9 Immunomodulatory Property 267
11.4.10 Neuroprotective Activity 267
11.4.11 Hepatoprotective Activity 268
11.4.12 Anti-HIV Property 268
11.5 Toxicity Profile of Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd 268
11.6 Alpinia officinarum Hance 268
11.6.1 Synonyms 268
11.6.2 Family 268
11.6.3 Common/English Names 268
11.6.4 Vernacular Names 269
11.6.5 Taxonomy 269
11.6.6 Geographical Distribution 269
11.6.7 Traditional Medicinal Uses of Alpinia
officinarum Hance 269
11.7 Pharmacological Properties 270
11.7.1 Antioxidant Activity 270
11.7.2 Antiplatelet Activity 270
11.7.3 Antiacetylcholinesterase Activity 270
11.7.4 Cytotoxic/Antitumour Activity 270
11.7.5 Antihaemorrhagic Activity 271
11.7.6 Antimicrobial Activity 271
11.7.7 Antiviral Activity 272
11.7.8 Hypolipidaemic Activity In Vitro Studies 272
11.7.9 Hypolipidaemic Activity In Vivo studies 273
11.7.10 Melanogenesis Inhibitory Activity 273
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11.7.11 Anti-inflammatory Activity 273
11.7.12 Antivitiligo Activity 274
11.7.13 Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction 274
11.8 Toxicity Profile of Alpinia officinarum Hance 274
11.9 Alpinia calcarata (Haw.) Roscoe 274
11.9.1 Synonyms 274
11.9.2 Family 275
11.9.3 Common/English Names 275
11.9.4 Vernacular Names 275
11.9.5 Geographical Distribution 275
11.9.6 Taxonomy 275
11.9.7 Traditional Medicinal Uses of
Alpinia calcarata Roscoe 275
11.10 Pharmacological Activity of Alpinia calcarata
Roscoe 276
11.10.1 Analgesic, Anxiolytic, and Seductive
Activities 276
11.10.2 Antinociceptive Activities 276
11.10.3 Cytotoxic Activity 277
11.10.4 Antiulcer Activity 277
11.10.5 Aphrodisiac Activity 277
11.10.6 Anti-inflammatory Activity 278
11.10.7 Antioxidative Effects 278
11.10.8 Hypoglycaemic Effects 278
11.10.9 Antibacterial and Antifungal Effects 278
11.10.10 Toxicity Profile of Alpinia calcarata
Roscoe 279
11.11 Conclusion 279
Abbreviations 279
Acknowledgements 280
References 280
Chapter 12 Phytochemical and Pharmacological Aspects of
Cissus quadrangularis in Ayurveda 289
Dhanalekshmi UM, Jawaid Akhtar and Shah Alam Khan
12.1 Introduction 289
12.2 Phytochemical Analysis 291
12.3 Preclinical (In Vitro/In Vivo) and Clinical
Pharmacology of CQ 297
12.3.1 Osteoporotic and Osteoblast-related
Activity/Bone-related Activity 297
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12.3.2 Hepatoprotective Activity 300
12.3.3 Antimicrobial Activity 301
12.3.4 Antioxidants and Their Related Activity 301
12.3.5 Antidiabetic Activity 304
12.3.6 Antiarthritic Activity 304
12.3.7 Antiulcer Activity 306
12.3.8 Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory, and
Antihemorrhoidal Activity 306
12.3.9 Metabolic Syndromes: Weight Loss
and Obesity-related Activity 307
12.3.10 Wound Healing Activity 309
12.3.11 Neurological Activity 309
12.3.12 Anticancer Activity 310
12.3.13 Role in Sarcopenia: Muscle Wasting
Diseases 310
12.4 CQ in Nanotechnology 310
12.4.1 Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) 311
12.4.2 Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs) 311
12.4.3 Copper Oxide Nanoparticles (CuONPs) 311
12.5 Biomedical Applications of CQ 311
12.6 CQ Safety Assessment in Animal Models and in
Clinical Studies 313
12.7 Intellectual Property Rights Related to CQ 314
12.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives on CQ
Clinical Use 314
Abbreviations 318
References 320
Chapter 13 Ayurvedic Knowledge Inspired Approach to Modern
Drug Discovery 325
Premalatha Balachandran
13.1 Introduction 325
13.2 Overview of the Modern Drug Development
Process 326
13.2.1 Target Identification 327
13.2.2 Lead Compound Screening 327
13.2.3 Lead Compound Optimization 327
13.3 Challenges in the Modern Drug Discovery
Approach 328
13.4 Ayurvedic Drug Discovery 328
13.4.1 Basic Principles of Ayurveda 328
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13.4.2 Integrating Ayurvedic Principles into
Modern Drug Discovery 329
13.4.3 Suggested Sequential Steps in Ayurvedic
Drug Discovery 331
13.4.4 Reverse Pharmacology: Promising Road
to Ayurvedic Drug Discovery 331
13.4.5 Essential Considerations in the Ayurveda-
based Drug Development Process 333
13.5 Development of New Drugs 334
13.5.1 From Natural Resources 334
13.5.2 From Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants 334
13.6 Ayurveda-based Approach in Drug Discovery 362
13.6.1 Advantages 362
13.6.2 Concerns 363
13.7 Future of Botanical Drug Development 363
13.7.1 Pharmaceutical Industry – Future Trends 363
13.7.2 Current Challenges and
Recommendations 367
13.8 Conclusion – Could West Meet East? 369
References 369
Chapter 14 Ayurvedic Formulations and Their Clinical Uses 374
Karthik Varma A. C., Sasikumar Kuttappan, G eorge Joseph,
Shintu Jude and Augustine Amalraj
14.1 Introduction 374
14.2 The Need for Randomized Clinical Trials (RCT)
and Compatibility With Ayurveda 375
14.3 Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants in Preclinical and
Clinical Trials 376
14.3.1 Polyherbal Formulations 376
14.3.2 Most Studied Herbs in Ayurveda 379
14.4 Future Prospective 382
14.5 Conclusion 382
References 383
Chapter 15 Ayurvedic and Traditional Systems of Medicine in
Clinical Trials: An Overview 391
Shintu Jude, Karthik Varma A. C., Sasikumar Kuttappan and
Augustine Amalraj
15.1 Introduction 391
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15.2 Different Traditional Medicine Systems 403
15.2.1 Indian Traditional Medicine Systems 403
15.2.2 African Traditional Healthcare 405
15.2.3 Traditional Chinese Medicine 405
15.2.4 Kampo, the Traditional Medicine of Japan 405
15.2.5 Traditional Aboriginal Medicine from
Australia 406
15.3 Clinical Study in Traditional Medicine 406
15.3.1 Clinical Evidence for Ayurveda 406
15.3.2 Clinical Evidence for Kampo 411
15.3.3 Clinical Evidence for TCM 412
15.3.4 African Traditional Healthcare System 413
15.3.5 Australian Aboriginal Traditional
Medicine 413
15.4 Tailoring of Study Designs 413
15.5 Conclusion 414
References 414
Subject Index 421
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CHAPTER 1
Introduction to Ayurvedic
Formulations: Exploring the
Classical Concepts with
Modern Science
J. A. A. S. JAYAWEERA
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences,
Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura, Sri Lanka,
Emails: jaas071@gmail.com; jaasjayaweera@med.rjt.ac.lk
1.1 Ayurvedic Formulations: Exploring the Classical
Concepts
The system of Ayurveda has a long history and is approximately as old as the
Vedic age. At present, most people prefer Ayurveda as an alternative to
allopathic medicines because it is significantly cheaper and has fewer side
effects.
1
The products obtained from natural resources have been essential
for maintaining and healing life for millennia. They are used following the
processing or formation of raw materials from which robust chemical
structures with promising biological activity are isolated. Nowadays,
products from natural resources are becoming increasingly ess ential as
complementary and alternative medicines and sources of pharmaco-
therapeutics.
2
Almost half of the population of the United States has tried
natural medicines to prevent and/or treat diseases.
3
Chemicals posing
medicinal values are considered as active ingredients of natural therapies.
For new drug development, natural products have been used as a primary
Chemistry, Biological Activities and Therapeutic Applications of Medicinal Plants in Ayurveda
Edited by Augustine Amalraj, Sasikumar Kuttappan and Karthik Varma A. C.
r The Royal Society of Chemistry 2023
Published by the Royal Society of Chemistry, www.rsc.org
1
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